POTERAT, LOUIS, Sieur de St. Etienne. About 1673 he applied for and obtained the privilege of establishing at St. Sever, a suburb of Rouen, a manufactory where he intended to make "true Chinese porcelain, of which he had found the secret, as well as that of the Dutch faience," and some authentic specimens made by him are in existence. One of these is in the Sevres Museum, and of which we give an i…
POTTER.
POTTERIES, THE STAFFORDSHIRE. The group of towns consisting of Hanley, Shelton, Cobridge, Etruria, Burslem, Tunstall, Longton and Stoke-upon-Trent, situated in the northern part of the County of Stafford, are known collectively as "The Potteries," or "The Staffordshire Potteries." These towns cover a space of about nine miles long and three broad, and have a combined population of about 250,000, o…
POTTERS' CO-OPERATIVE COMPANY, East Liverpool, Ohio.
POTTER'S KILN, NORMANGATE FIELD, CASTOR. it was the funeral pyre that may have suggested their use to them. We give an illustration of one of these Anglo-Roman kilns. The Italians used three kinds of kilns, one of which was used for oxidizing the lead and tin. The Japanese kilns are built in terraced rows of from four to twenty, and rise about three feet above each other, gradually growing in size…
POTTER'S WHEEL. The antiquity of the potter's wheel is almost as great as that of pottery itself. It was known to the Egyptians Bactria - through Scythia or Egypt itself to the Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula and of Africa. From the same source it was introduced into Greece, and its colonies in Southern Italy, reaching Etruria at a later date. It then penetrated the whole of southern Europe, Rome …
POTTERY.
POULISSE, PIETER, potter of Delft in 169o.
POUYAT, J., Limoges (La Societe Ceramique). The Pouyat family have long been identified with the city of Limoges, and its citizens have freely confeired upon them the highest honors within their gifts. Pierre Pouyat, who was consul in 1743, established in 176o a faience manufactory at St. Yrieix, and specimens are still occasionally met with in the Department Haute-V i e n n e marked with a capita…
PRATT, F. & R., Fenton, Staffordshire.
PRE-D'AUGE (Calvados, near Lisieux) and several places in the neighborhood were for a long time renowned for their enameled tiles, characterized by a design traced with a point in the wet clay, and this manufacture was of such importance that up to the end of the eighteenth century enameled tiles were generally designated under the name of paves de Lisieux.
PRESTINO, or Perestino, Maestro, the successor of Maestro Giorgio. "His works are interesting," writes NIT-.
PRINTING ON POTTERY. The origin of this iS much disputed, it being claimed respectively by Sadler & Green, of Liverpool, by Hold-ship, of Worcester, and R. Hancock, of the same place. (See Hancock.) The evidence is strongest in favor of Sadler & Green, as Hancock did not go to Worcester until 1756, though it must be remembered that he came from the Battersea Enamel Works, where it was undoubtedly …
PUZZLE JUGS.
PYNACKER, ADRIAAN, master potter at Delft in 169o.
PYNACKER, JACOBUS, master potter at Delft in 1672 at the sign of the Three Porcelain Bottles he was later associated with his brother-in-law, Cornelis de Keiser, and produced with him pieces of fine execution with rich decorations in blue, red and gold.
QUAIL AND WHEATSHEAF PATTERN.
QUIMPER, Finistere. A faience manufactory was founded in this city, in the suburbs of Loc-Maria, about 169o, but it was only after 1743, under the intelligent direction of Pierry Caussy, son of a master potter of Rouen, that this manufactory, Which at this time grew rapidly, produced faience worthy of notice. At first the decorations were only a servile copy and imitation of Chinese, but soon Caus…
QuIRING, ALDERSZ KLE1 movEN, master potter at Delft in 1655, to whom we owe, according to M.
RAEREN, parish of the ancient duchy of Linburg (Rhenish Prussia), possessed from the beginning of the sixteenth century manufactories of earthenware of yellowish body covered with glaze of a more or less dark brown, resembling those of Frechen. Those of Raeren arc oftenest in spherical form, divided in two parts by a large cylindrical band or horizontal circular frieze on which are represented in …
RAPHAEL WARE.
RATISBONNE.
RATO, Portugal.
REAUMER'S PORCELAIN.
REFLET METALLIQUE. This beautiful and rich effect seems to have had its origin in Persia, many fragments having been found at Rhages. (See Persia.) It was probably carried into Spain by the Saracens and from there into Italy, where the secret of the composition and manipulation of the pigments was lost about 1560-70. The Marquis Ginori at Doccia and an able young chemist at Gubbio (where these lus…
REGOUT, PETRUS, & Co., Maastricht.
REHIVEILER, FRANCONIA.
REMMEY, R. C., & SON, Philadelphia. This firm, it is stated, was founded by John Remmey at Potter's Hill, New York, in 1735. The name does not appear in the New York directory for 1786, but in the one for 1798 there is a John Remmey of Potter's Hill, with a residence at 9 Cross Street, which is in the immediate neighborhood. John Remmey died in 1762 and the stoneware manufactory was carried on by …
RENNES.
RETICULATED WARE.
REVEREND, CLAUDE.
REYGENS, AUGESTIJ N.
RHEAD, FREDERICK ALFRED. Born at Newcastle, Staffordshire, in 1856. Mr. Rhead is an artist of great versatility and extremely prolific in ideas. He was originally a pupil of M. Solon at Mintons and afterward went to Wedgwoods, where he executed some important pieces in pate-sur-pcite for their exhibit at Paris in 1878. He then accepted the position of art director at Bodley's, and afterward filled…
RHODES, J. S. One of the pioneer potters of Australia. He was a Staffordshire potter, who came to this country in the early '6o's, and found employment at East Liverpool. Being of a roving disposition, he stayed there only a few years, and returned to England, eventually drifting to Australia, attracted by the large fields of gold there. Not being able to reach the gold fields, he busied himself i…
RHODES, ISLAND OF.
RHODES, WILLIAM.
RICHARD, Milan.
RIDGWAY, Jon. There is not a more familiar or honored name in the potteries than that of Ridgway. ? For 15o years this family hasbeen .continuously engaged in the pottery trade. Job Ridgway was born at Chell, near Hanley, in 1759. When seven years old he lost his mother, and he, his father and an elder brother went to Swansea in search of work at the newly established pottery there. Here he was ap…
RIDGWAY, EDWARD JOHN, son of William Ridgway, was born in 1814.
RIDGWAYS.
RIDGWAY, WILLIAM. Son of Job Ridgway and joint partner with his brother John at the Cauldon Works until about 183o, when the partnership was dissolved. In 1831 he rented from Joseph Mayer the Church Street Works at Hanley, and eventually became the proprietor of no less than six manufactories, among which were the Bell Works, now Clementson Brothers, and another one close to it, now G. L. Ashworth…
RIIYTON.
RIKEI.
RINGLER.
RIOCREUX.
RISSNER, K.F.SSEL & STELLMACHER, Turn, near Teplitz.
ROBALBHEN, 1i., in collaboration with MM.
ROBER1SONS, THE, of Boston. A. W. Robertson in June, 1868, founded a works at Chelsea for the production of brown ware, and was joined afterward by his brother, Hugh C. Robertson, and in 1872 by his father, J. Robertson. At first the production was confined to fancy flower pots, but a wider extension was aimed at, and an attempt was made to give an entirely artistic character to the productions. …
ROBERT, Louis.
ROBINSON, JOHN.
ROCKINGHAM. This ware, named after the Marchioness of Rockingham, is an earthenware body covered with a brown glaze of more or less beauty. The Rockingham ware of to-day is very different to that first produced at the Swinton Works, Rotherham, late in the 18th century. The body was a fine and compact white earthenware, covered with a brownish red glaze in shaded effects, which it was necessary to …
ROGERS, JOHN AND JAMES, founded the works at Dalehall, Staffordshire, now occupied by Knapper & Blackhurst.
ROMAIN (LE). Sign of a Delft manufactory founded about 1671 by Martinas Gonda. Several pieces from this works are decorated in the center with a Roman on horseback, and they may have suggested the sign. Rooxwoon. Much has been written about the Rookwood Pottery and its productions - the glory of American ceramic art. But to fully understand an enthusiast's admiration for it it is necessary to see …
ROMAN. The Romans used earthenware chiefly for the humblest purposes of life, preferring to surround themselves with vases of gold and silver, cups of precious stones, and to neglect the potter's art. Exception to this must be taken to the red-glazed ware of Arezzo, which was worked with a taste approaching the art of Greece. It is not unlike the Samian ware (q. v.), which is found wherever the Ro…
RORS'IRAND, near Stockholm. The early history of this factory is somewhat obscure, but it seems to have been founded in 1727, under the patronage of Baron Pierre Adlerfelt. Jean Wolf and Andre Nicholas Ferdinand were the first directors, and received an exclusive privilege for the manufacture of earthenware, but owing io difficulties encountered no great success was made. They were followed in the…
ROSE Du BARRY.
ROSEBACK, Chinese porcelain, generally eggshell, covered on the hack with a ground of rose color.
ROSENBURG DEN HAAG. Quaint shapes and harmonious colorings have ever characterized the products of the Netherlands, but within the last few years there have been phenomenal strides made in the art of potting, so that to-day the Netherlands lead in exquisite fineness of ware and perfection of coloring. In the blue especially. Rosenburg has been wonderfully successful. The All "Delft" blue seemed to…
ROSEVILLE POTTERY, Zanesville, 0.
ROUEN.
ROUEN I)ISII-CORNUCOPIA. greater part in the suburb of St. Sever, upwards of 2,000 men being employed. The prevailing distress in France, curiously enough, was the direct means of stimulating the efforts of the Rouen potters to vie with each other in producing beautiful and sumptuous faience worthy of adorning the tables of the great. Continuous wars had exhausted the resources of France ; the inu…
ROUEN DISH- X LAMBREQUIN.
RUDOLSTADT, near Jena, Thuringia. An artificial porcelain was made here soon after 1758 by Machelcid (q. v.), the original works consisting of a staff of but four workmen. The works were trans ferred to Volkstadt, and in 1795 gave employment to 120 workmen. This small beginning led to the erection of other Thuringian potteries, among them being Wallendorf, Limbach, Gotha, Anspach, Ilmenau, Ilreit…
RUE POPINCOURT (manufactory of), Paris.
RUE TH IRAUX, Paris.
RUMMEL. A potter of Ulm, Wiirtemberg, from 1780 to 1800. He made statuettes illustrating the local costumes, many of them being portraits from life. Russtn. About 1700 some Delft potters were induced by Peter the Great to emigrate to St. Petersburg, where a manufactory was established. In 1770, or thereabouts, another works was started at Revel, potters and painters being obtained from Germany. Th…
RUSSIAN POLAND.
SACRED HORSE.
SAGGERS, or SEGGERS.
SAGUNTUM, near Valencia, was celebrated in Roman times for red ware and was the seat of extensive potteries. ST. AMAND-LES-EAUX. One of the most important potteries of the north of France, where originated a special and particular style of decoration in the shape of delicate borders elegantly outlined on a whitey-brown or blue enamel ground in white enamel, sometimes enhanced by flowers or bouquet…
SAIJIRO GOTO.
SAINTES (Charente Inferieure).
SALT GLAZE. Salt glazing is effected by throwing common sea salt into the oven when the heat is greatest. The soda in the salt being decomposed under the action of watery vapors by the silica of the paste or body, the fumes fix upon the surface of the ware in the shape of minute drops or granulations, giving an effect similar to the peel of an orange. The glaze is often imperfectly distributed. th…
SALTIIURG, Germany.
SALVAGE, CHARLES, called Lemire, a distinguished sculptor, died about 1802.
SALVETAT, ALPHONSE.
SAMEDIT (Landes).
SAMIAN WARE.
SANDA WARE.
SANDERS, WILLIAM, founded a factory at Mortlake, In Surrey, about 1752, where both Delft and earthenware were made.
SAN FELII'E.
SANS, THOMAS and WTLL1AM.
SANTA CASA (Holy House), Loretto, Italy.
SARACENS. This was the current designation among the Christians of Europe in the Middle Ages for their Moslem enemies, especially for the Moslems in Europe. In earlier times the name of Saraceni was applied by Greeks and Romans to the troublesome nomad Arabs of the Syro-Arabian desert, who continually harrassed the frontier of the empire, from Egypt to the Euphrates. It is easy to understand how, …
SASSUOLO, near Modena, Italy. The manufacture of enameled earthenware was introduced here by Gio. Andrea Ferrari in 1741. He obtained from the Duke Francesco III. the right of making ordinary white and painted majolica, that is, stanniferous enameled wares, to the exclusion of all rivals in the duchy and all importation from other parts, except during the fair held at Reggio. The work commenced in…
SATSUIN1A. Although Japanese writers give an earlier antiquity to Satsuma, the earliest specimens only date from 1598, when Shimazu Yoshihiro, a daimio of Satsuma, returned from the invasion of Corea, and brought with him upwards of one hundred workmen, among whom were a few skilled potters. These brought, not only their implements, but their materials, and commenced the manufacture of pottery on …
SAVIGNIES (Oise).
SAVONA, Italy. The manufacture of faiences at Savona, a small coast town a few miles west of Genoa - or, to be more exact, at Abissola, a village at the city gates - began at the end of the sixteenth century, and rapidly became of considerable importance - a fact due principally to the purely commercial character of its products, which were sold at a much less price than the most common majolicas …
SAVY, HoNoRE, a manufacturer of Marseilles, 1750.
SAZERAT, L., Limoges.
SCEAUX, Seine. The manufactory of Sceaux was founded about 175o, under the protection of the Duchess of Maine, and placed later under that of the Duke of Penthievre, Grand Admiral of France. More than those of any other fabrique the products of Sceaux most closely resemble porcelain, not only in the care given their manufacture, but in the perfection and delicacy of the decoration. It was later di…
SCHAAF, CARL, Zell, successor to J.
SCHAGEN, CORNELIUS VAN, potter at Delft in 1694.
SCHIE, DIRCK JANSZ VAN, master potter of Delft in 1697.
SCHLAKENWALD, Austria.
SCHLESTADT (Alsace).
SCHMELZER & GERICKE, Althaldensbleu.
SCHMIDER, GEORGE, Hornberg (Black Forest).
SCHOONHOVEN, Lysbet or Bettjc van, a woman potter of Delft in 1702, who for some years was proprietor of "The Claw." Some pieces of very clever workmanship bear her initials - B.
SCHWARZ, J.
SCODELLE.
SCRATCHED BLUE WARE.
SEBRING POTTERY COMPANY, East Liverpool, 0.
SEEGER, JOSEPH, a painter of the Niederwiller factory.
SEGORIA, Spain.
SEINIE LA.