PARADISE (Printemps, Spring), Nicolas Poussin, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, IL 3 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft. 3 in. In a rich landscape, near a mass of rocks and a cascade, Adam is seated on the turf, while Eve, upon one knee, takes him by the arm and points to the tree of knowledge. Above, at right, the Father Eternal upon clouds. One of a series of four painted in 1660-64 for Due de Richelieu, whence passed to…
BORDONE, PARIS, born in Treviso, in 1500, died in Venice, Jan. 19, 1570. Venetian school ; of a noble family ; pupil of Titian, under whom he gave promise early of great ability. Afterward studied the in portraits, his heads being inferior only to those of Titian. His flesh tints are wonderfully brilliant, but in taste and quality of touch he was inferior to either Titian or Paolo Vero nese. His …
PARRHASIUS, Ionic school, one of the greatest of Greek painters, born in Ephesus, son and pupil of Evenor, about 400 ac. Most of his life was spent at Athens, of which he was made a citizen. He attained to so high a degree of excellence and was held in such honour that he became arrogant, called himself the descendant of Apollo, and the prince of painters, and claimed that he had assigned to art p…
PATDTIR (Patenier), JOACHIM DE, born at Dinant about 1490, died in Antwerp about 1524. Flemish school ; painter of scriptural subjects, in which the figures are subordinate to the landscape. Matriculated in St. Luke's guild at Antwerp in 1515 ; supposed to have previously studied under Gheerardt David at Bruges. Albrecht Darer was present at Patiuir's second marriage in 1521, and painted his portr…
PATON, Sir JOSEPH NOEL, born in Dunfermline, Scotland, Dec 13, 1821. History painter, first instructed in art by his father, who had been a pupil of Andrew Wilson ; employed in drawing designs for damask fabrics until twenty years old, when he went to London and became a pupil in Royal Academy schools. In 1845 his Spirit of Religion gained one of the three prizes at the Westminster Hall competiti…
DELAROCHE, PAUL (Hippolyte), born in Paris, July 17, 1797, died there, Nov. 4, 1856. History and portrait painter. Began by painting landscapes under Watelet, which he gave up for history after entering the studio of Baron Gros. First attracted great gold medal in 1824, became Knight of the Legion of Honour in 1828, Officer in 1834, Member of the Institute in 1832, and Professor at the Academy in …
JACOBS, PAUL EMIL, born in Gotha, Aug. 18, 1802, died there, Jan. 6, 1866. History painter, pupil from 1818 of the Munich Academy under Langer, father and son ; visited Upper Italy in 1824, and in 1825-28 studied in Rome. Settled in Frankfort, painted chiefly portraits, and in 1830 went to St. Petersburg, where he became member of the Academy. Returned to Gotha in 1834 ; he painted in Hanover for …
HUET, PAUL, born in Paris, Oct. 5, 1804, died there, Jan. 9, 1869. Landscape painter, pupil of Paul Guerin, of Gros, and of the t cole des Beaux Arts. In 1831 he became the founder of a new school of romantic landscape painting, in which he was.the precursor of Theodore Rousseau and of Jules Dupre. Frequently visited Italy and Holland. Had many pupils. Medals : 2d class, 1833 ; 1st class, 1848, 18…
MEYERBEIM, PAUL (FRIEDRICH), born in Berlin, July 13, 1842. Genre and animal painter, son and pupil of Friedrich Eduard and of Berlin Academy ; travelled through Germany, Tyrol, Switzerland, Belgium, and Holland, studied in Paris, and visited London. Member of Berlin Academy (1869), and of Sociae beige des Aquarellistes. Medals : Berlin, 1866, 1872 ; Paris, 1867 ; Munich, 1883. Works : History of…
VOS, PAULUS DE, born at Hulst about 1590, died in 1678. Flemish school ; animal painter ; most successful imitator of Snyders, his brother-in-law. Painted a great deal for the Emperor, the King of Spain, and the Duke of Aerschot, his particular patron. Master of the guild in 1620. Van Dyck painted his portrait. Works : Cats Fighting, Stags and Dogs, Bull pursued by Dogs, and 13 others, Madrid Muse…
MOREELSE, PAULUS, born at Utrecht in 1571, died there in 1638. Dutch school ; portrait painter ; pupil in Delft of Mierevelt, finished his studies in Rome ; master of Utrecht guild in 1596. His style is noteworthy, as he was one of the forerunners of Rembrandt. He was member of the Council and City Treasurer. Painted a few historical pictures, but principally portraits. Works : Princess of Hanau (…
POTTER, PAULUS, born at Enkhuysen, baptized Nov. 20, 1625, died in Amsterdam, buried Jan. 17, 1654. Dutch school; animal and landscape painter, son and pupil of Pieter Potter. Family settled at Am sterdam in 1631, and in the following year Paul went to study painting at Haarlem under Jacob de Weth the elder. His earliest known picture, in the Gallery at Gotha (1641 ?), and his etching of Le Vache…
PEASANT BOY, Murillo, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 5 in. x 2 ft. A boy, standing before a wall, holding a basket in right hand, looks towards a dog whose head is seen below on right. Due de Choiseul sale (1772), with its companion, Peasant Girl (Hermitage), to Prince Galitzin, 4,600 livrea Engraved by C. Weisbrod ; lithographed by V. Dollet. - Curtis, 276 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole espagno…
HOREMANS, PEETER JACOB, born at Antwerp, baptized Oct. 26, 1700, died in Munich in 1776. Flemish school ; genre and portrait painter, brother and pupil of Jan Jozef the elder ; went in 1725 to Munich, where two years later he was made court painter to Elector Charles Albrecht (Emperor Charles VII). Works : Fruit-piece (1768), Augsburg Gallery ; Woman and two Children, Brunswick Museum ; Violin Pla…
LINT, PEETER VAN, born in Antwerp, baptized June 28, 1609, died there, buried Sept. 25, 1690. Flemish school ; history, genre, and portrait painter ; master of the Antwerp guild in 1632. Then went to Rome to complete his studies, and painted the chapel S. Croce in S. Maria del Popolo and three altarpieces for Ostia. In 1644 he returned to Antwerp, and in 1662 became court-painter to Christian IV. …
PELLEGRINO DA SAN DANIELE, born in latter half of 15th century, died at San Daniele, Dec. 23, 1547. Venetian school ; called also Martino da Udine ; son of Battista da San Daniele (died before 1491), a Dalmatian painter resident in Udine, of whom no picture remains. In 1491, Martino was the partner of a goldsmith at San Daniele, and had contracted to decorate with frescos the Church of Villanuova.…
TIBALDI, PELLEGRINO, Marquis of Valdelsa, born at Valdelsa, near Milan, in 1532, died in Milan in 1592. Bolognese school ; real name Pellegrino di Tibaldo de' Pellegrini ; sometimes called Pellegrino da Bologna ; son of a poor mason, who removed to Bologna when his son was young. After studying in Bologna, Pellegrino went to Rome in 1547 and assisted Perino del Vaga in the Castle of St. Angelo, a…
PERSEUS AND ANDROMEDA, Rubens, Blenheim Palace ; wood, H. 6 ft. 6 in. x 3 ft. 1 in. Andromeda, nearly nude, erect, chained to the rock ; a Cupid, with a torch, flies over her head ; in distance, Perseus on Pegasus approaching through the air. - Smith, ii. 244. By Rubens, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; wood, H. 3 ft. 2i in. x 4 ft. 6 in. Perseus, in armour and bearing the shield of Medusa, is advancin…
HUMS, PESTER, second half of 16th century. Flemish school ; genre painter in the realistic style of Quinten Massys ; master in 1545 of the guild at Antwerp, where he was still living in 1571. Works : Bagpiper robbed by Old Woman (1571), Berlin Museum (temporarily in Stettin Museum); Grotesque Fantasy on Torments of Hell, Madrid Museum. IIUYSMANS sels, whence he went to Mechlin. Van der Meulen, on…
KRAFFT, PETER, born at Hanau, Sept. 17, 1780, died in Vienna, Oct. 28, 1856. History painter, pupil of the Hanau Academy, and in Vienna of Ftlger ; went in 1802, with Schnorr von Karolsfeld, to Paris, where he became an adherent of David's school. In 1806 he returned to Vienna, visited Rome in 1808, painted mostly portraits, but did not succeed until 1813 in establishing his fame by a subject from…
RUBENS, PETER PAUL, born at Sie g e n, Westphalia, June 29, 1577, died at Antwerp, May 30, 1640. Flemish school ; studied at Antwerp with Tobias Verhaegt and Adam van Noort, and then with Otto van Veen from 1596 until 1600, when he went to Venice, where his copies after Titian and Giorgione attracted the notice of the Duke of Mantua, Vincenzo Gonzaga L, who made him his court painter. In July, 16…
BASSIN, PETER VASSILIEVICH, born in St. Petersburg, June 25 (July 7), 1793, died there, July 4 (16), 1877. History and portrait painter, pupil of St. Petersburg Academy ; went in 1819 to Rome, where he lived five years, and remained abroad six years longer. After his return he became member of the Academy, and shortly afterwards professor. Works : Christ Driving the Money Changers from the Temple,…
CORNELIUS, PETER VON, born in Dusseldorf, Sept. 23, 1783, died in Berlin, March 6, 1867. German school ; history painter, pupil of his father, Aloisius, and from 1796 at the Dusseldorf Academy under Langer. After his father's death in 1799 he contributed to the support of his family by painting portraits, making designs for calendars, etc., until about 1806-1808, when he was employed to decorate …
HESS, PETER VON, born in Dusseldorf, July 29, 1792, died in Munich, April 4, 1871. Genre and battle painter, son and pupil of Karl Ernst Christoph Hess, and from 1806 at the Munich Academy ; served in the campaigns of 1813-15, visited Vienna, Switzerland, and Italy (1818), accompanied King Otho to Greece in 1833, and visited Russia (1839) to make studies for a series of battle-pieces ordered by th…
CRISTUS, PETRUS, (Pieter Christophson), born at Baerle near Deynze, Belgium, about 1400, died in Bruges, after 1472. Flemish school ; probably pupil of Jan van Eyck, whose style he imitated. Bought freedom of Bruges, July 6, 1444, registered in guild of St. Luke in 1450, and in 1469 was one of the notables. In March, 1472, he officiated as umpire for the guild in a dispute with Pierre Constain, th…
KREMER, PETRUS, born in Antwerp, May 9, 1801. Historical genre painter, pupil of Antwerp Academy under Herreyns and Van Bree ; won a medal first year and afterwards all first prizes. Having formed himself after Rubens and Van Dyck, he visited Germany, Italy, and France, and studied especially the Netherlandish old masters in the Louvre. Member of Antwerp and Amsterdam Academies. Works : Peter the …
PHILIP IL, portrait, Titian, Palazzo Giustiniani, Padua ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 9 in. x 3 ft. 1 in. The Prince, in black-silk doublet and white pelisse, sitting in an arm-chair. Painted in Augsburg in 1550 ; from the Barbongo collection. The original sketch from which later portraits were painted. - C. & C., Titian, ii. 205 ; Vasari, ed. MiL, vii. 450 ; Ridolfi, Maraviglie, 1. 262. By Titian, Madrid Mu…
PHILIP IV., portrait, Rubens, Munich Gallery ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 7 in. x 2 ft. 8 in. Face three-quarters view ; dress, black silk and velvet mantle, with Order of Golden Fleece suspended by a gold chain. Companion piece, same size, Elizabeth de Bourbon, his consort, in black silk adorned with pearls. Both pictures engraved by Pontius and Louys ; in small, by Viennot By Rubens, Windsor Castle ; canv…
ROUSSEAU, PHILIPPE, born in Paris, Feb. 22, 1816. Animal and landscape painter, pupil of Gros and of Bertin. Especially distinguished for his pictures of still-life in humorous 2d class, 1855 ; 1st class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1852 ; Officer, 1870. Works : Views in Normandy, etc. (1833-39) ; Post-Chaise (1841); City Rat and Field Rat (1845); Cat and Old Rat (1846) ; Mole and Rabbit, Flowers and B…
FOLTZ, PHILIPP, born at Bingen, May 11, 1805, died in Munich, August 5, 1877. History and genre painter, pupil of Dusseldorf and Munich Academies under Cornelius, whom he assisted in the decoration of the Glyptothek. After painting some frescos in the new Royal Palace, he went to Rome in 1836, and on his return became professor at the Munich Academy in 1839, and director of the Central Gallery in …
ROOS, PHILIPP PETER, surnamed Rosa di Tivoli, born in Frankfort in 1655, died in Rome in 1705. German school ; landscape and animal painter, son and pupil of Johann Heinrich, in whose style he painted in his earlier time ; in 1677 he went to Rome, where he studied under Brandi, whose daughter he married, and later settled at Tivoli, whence his surname. He painted life-size figures and animals in a…
MORRIS, PHILIP RICHARD, born at Devonport, England, Dec. 4, 1838. History painter ; studied in the British Museum, under the advice of Holman Hunt, and in life, and in 1851- the gold medal for the best historical painting, The Goo(' Samaritan, and ale the travelling stu dentship, which en abled him to sperm some time in Franc and Italy. Electeu an A.R.A. in 1877. Medal, 2d class, Antwerp Exhibiti…
HETSCH, PHIL PP FRIEDRICH VON, born in Stuttgart, Sept. 10, 1758, died there, Dec. 31, 1839. History painter, pupil, from 1773 at the Karlsschule, of Guibal and Harper ; made court-painter in 1780, and sent to Paris, where he continued his studies for two years under Vien, Vernet, and David ; was in Rome in 1785-87, and again in 1795. In 1787 he was appointed professor at the Karlsschule, in 1798 …
WOUWERMAN, PHlEPS, born in Haar lem, baptized May 24, 1 6 1 9 , died there, May 19, 1668. Dutch school; landscape, genre, and animal painter, first instructed by his father Pauwels Joosten, then pupil of Jan Wynants, whose influence is traceable in his backgrounds. He introduced groups of horses, hunts, soldiers, in the manner of Pieter van Laer, but with far more variety. His figures and animals…
FRANCESCA, PIERO DELLA, born at Borgo San Sepolcro in 1416 (?), died there, Oct. 12, 1492. Umbrian school. Real name Pietro di Benedetto degli Franceschi ; first master unknown. In 1439 he assisted Domenico Veneziano in painting the frescos in S. M. Nuova, Florence, where he was brought into contact with many eminent painters, and laid the foundation of his great scientific knowledge of linear an…
VAFFLARD, PIERRE ANTOINE AUGUSTIN, born in Paris, Dec. 19, 1777, died there after 1838. History and portrait painter, pupil of J. B. Regnault ; in 1824 he restored some of the paintings in the galleries at Versailles, and in the gallery of Diana in the Tuileries ; decorated several churches and palaces in oil and fresco. Court painter to the Duc d' Orleans. Medal, 1824. Works : Last Honours to Ber…
COMTE, PIERRE CHARLES, born in Lyons, April 23, 1823. Genre and history painter ; pupil of Delaroche, H. Vernet, and Robert Fleury. Medals : 3d class, 1852 ; 2d class, 1853, 1855, and 1857, and 3d class, 1867 ; L. of Honour, 1857. Works : Last Throw of Dice, Coronation of Inez de Castro, Charles IX. visiting Coligny, Jeanne d'Albret with Rene (1848 to 1853); Henri III and Duke of Guise (1855), Lux…
DE CONINCK, PIERRE (LOUIS JOSEPH), born at Meteren (Nord), Nov. 22, 1828. Genre painter, pupil of Leon Cogniet ; won 2d prix de Rome in 1855. Medals in 1866 and 1868 ; 3d class, 1873. Works : Caesar on the Vessel (1855) ; Eva on Uncle Tom's Knees (1857) ; Baron, Cossack (1859, horses of Imperial stud) ; Woman Bathing at Capri (1863); Torture of Queen Brunehaut, Ballet Girl Resting (1864) ; Christ …
JEANNIOT, PIERRE GEORGES, born at Geneva ; contemporary. Landscape, genre, and portrait painter, son and pupil of Pierre Alexandre Jeanniot, Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works : Hoar-frost in Park of Dijon (1875); Stream in do., Banks of the Seine near Troyes (1876) ; Summer near Toul (1878) ; Passing the Bridge (1879) ; Derniers Tambours (1881) ; Pupil Corporals, Haulers (1883); Flankers (1884); Les Pa…
JOLLIVET, PIERRE JULES, born in Paris, June 27, 1794, died there, Sept. 7, 1871. History and genre painter, pupil of Gros and De Juinne. Medals : 2d class, 1833 ; 1st class, 1835 ; L. of Honour, 1851. Works : Bull-Fight at Madrid, Interior of an Alcalde's House at Madrid (1831); Gitanos halting in the Mountains of Ronda. (1833); Brigands of Valencia (1833), Valenciennes Museum ; Christopher Columb…
GUERIN, PIERRE NARCISSE, Baron, born in Paris, May 13, 1774, died in Rome, July 16, 1833. French school; genre painter, pupil of Regnault ; became one of the most successful painters of his day, and had among his pupils Gerie,ault, Sigalon, Delacroix, and Ary Scheffer. His pictures, though masterly in technique, and correct in drawing, are treated in a somewhat cold and stiff style. Garin won the…
BERGERET, PIERRE NOLASQ1TE, born in Bordeaux, Feb. 2, 1782, died in Paris, Feb. 21, 1863. History, genre, and portrait painter ; pupil of Lacour, the elder (1745-1814), of Vincent and of David ; exhibited first in the Salon of 1806, when he won the grand prix. Medal : 1st class, 1808. Works: Raphael's Obsequies (1806); Francis I and Henry VIII. on the Field of the Cloth of Gold (1808); Charles V. …
SUBLEYRAS, PIERRE, born at Uzes (Gard), in 1699, died in Rome, May 28, 1749. French school. History painter, pupil of his father Mathieu and, at Toulouse, of Rivalz. Won the grand prix de Rome in 1727 ; went to Rome, where he married and set- / tied for life. Member of Academy of St. Luke, 1740. Works : Brazen Serpent (1727), Christ in the House of the Pharisee (1739, also original sketch), Marty…
PIETA, (pity, compassion), the lamentation of the Virgin and the Holy Women over the deposed body of Christ. The incident is not mentioned in the Gospels, but is a late invention of art. By Giovanni Bellini, Brera, Milan ; wood, tempera, half-lengths, life-size. The dead body of Christ, sustained in a standing position, behind a marble parapet, by the Virgin and St. John. Fine work of the master's…
CODDE, PIETER, born in Amsterdam before 1610, died about 1660 (?). Dutch school ; genre painter, principally of social reunions and military scenes in the style of Palamedes ; probably formed himself at Haarlem under the influence of Frans and Dirk Hals ; spirited conception and fine colouring. Painted figures in pictures of Dirk van Deelen. Works : Flute Player, Haarlem Museum ; The Ball (1636), …
SLINGELANDT, PIETER CORNELISZ VAN, born at Leyden, Oct. 20, 1640, died there, Nov. 7, 1691. Dutch school ; genre painter, pupil of Gerard Dou, of whom he was the most conscientious and patient imitator. Works : Family Group, National Gallery, London ; Domestic Scene, Woman Sewing and Child in Cradle, Buckingham Palace, ib.; Kitchen with Man offering Partridges to the Cook, Bridgewater Gallery, ib.…
MOLYN, PIETER DE, the elder, born in London before 1600, died in Haarlem, buried March 23, 1661. Dutch school ; landscape painter ; entered Haarlem guild in 1616, dean in 1633. Painted flat and hilly landscapes with great truth ; colouring warm and forcible, skies of great transparency ; excellent draughtsman ; also painted military scenes. Works : Night Festival (1625), Brussels Museum ; Rural Fr…
LASTMAN, PIETER, born in Amsterdam (?) between 1580 and 1584, died at Haarlem in 1649 (?). Dutch school ; history painter, pupil of Gerrit Pieter; on leaving whose studio, between 1600 and 1602, he went to Rome, where for many years he was one of the Dutch and Flemish artists who grouped themselves about Elsheimer and regarded him as their master. Before 1622 Lastman must have returned to Amsterda…
MOLYN, PIETER, the younger (called Il Cavaliere Tempesta), born in Haarlem in 1637, died in Milan, June 29, 1701. Dutch school ; son of Pieter the elder. At first painted animals and hunts in the style of his surname. Called also Pietro Muller, or de Mulieribus, because he caused his wife to be assassinated in order to marry his mistress, for which he was imprisoned in Genoa five years; when libe…
PIETERSZ, born in Haarlem, baptized Oct. 16, 1620, died in Amsterdam, Feb. 18, 1683. Dutch school; landscape, animal, history, and portrait painter ; son and pupil of Pieter Claasz ; pupil of J. van Goyen, N. Moyaert, P. de Grebber, Jan Wils, whose daughter he married, and J. B. Weenix. In June, 1642, he entered the guild in Haarlem, where he worked until 1670, having probably visited Italy in 16…
WERFF, PIETER VAN DER, born at Bralinger-Ambacht in 1665, died in Rotterdam in 1718. Dutch school ; history and genre painter, brother and pupil of Adriaan van der WerfC whom he often assisted in his pictures. While there is much resemblance in the colouring of his works to those of Adriaan, they are lacking in feeling and spirit. Works : St. Jerome (1710), Girls crowning Statuette of Cupid (1713)…
WOUWERMAN, PIETER, born in Haarlem, baptized Sept. 13, 1623, died in Am sterdam, buried May 9, 1682 (?). Dutch school ; landscape, genre, and animal painter, pupil of his father Pauwels Joosten and of his brother Philips, whom he probably assisted in his pictures, the great number of which could otherwise hardly be explained. Lived in Amsterdam about 1662, and probably also in Paris about 1664. Th…
PIETRO DA CORTONA, born in Corto na, Nov. 1, 1596, died in Rome, May 16, 1669. Roman school ; real name Pietro Berrettini ; pupil in Florence of Andrea Coramodi, and in Rome (1611), of Baccio Ciarpi ; also studied works of Raphael, Michelangelo, and Polidoro da Caravaggio. Cardinal Sacchetti procured him many commissions, among others the decoration of the ceiling of the Palazzo Barberini, finishe…
IAAURATI, PIETRO. See Lorenzelli. LAURENS, JEAN PAUL, born at Fourquevaux (Haute-Garonne), March 28, 1838. colour, his pictures are dramatic in style and spirited in execution. Medals: 3d class, 1869; 1st class, 1872 ; of honour, 1877 ; L. of Honour, 1874 ; Officer, 1878. Works : Death of Cato at Utica (1863); Death of Tiberius (1864) ; Hamlet (1865) ; After the Ball (1866) ; Christ and the Angel…
LIBERI, PIETRO, Cavaliere, born in Padua in 1605 (?), died in Venice, Oct. 18, 1687. Venetian school ; pupil of Alessandro Varotati ; afterwards studied at Rome the works of Raphael, Michelangelo, Correggio, and Titian, and formed from them all a style of his own. He became famous both in Italy and in Germany, and, though originally poor, won wealth and titles. He is considered one of the best des…
LORENZETTI, PIETRO, born latter part of 13th century, died about middle of 14th century. Sienese school ; called, by Vasari, Pietro Laurati. Elder brother of Ambrogio Lorenzetti ; appears in Siena in 1305 as the painter of an altarpiece, after which no trace of him is found until 1326, when he executed several pictures in the workshop of the Siena Cathedral. The earliest picture signed by him is a…
JORLS, PIO, born in Rome in June, 1843. Genre and landscape painter, pupil of Academy of San Luca and of Fortuny ; visited Venice, Munich, and Paris in 1869, London in 1870, and Spain in 1871-72. President of Societa acquerellisti in Rome, honorary member of Societe beige des aquarellistes, member of several Art-Unions ; Italian Crown Order, Bavarian Order of St. Michael ; Gold medal, Munich, 1869…
PIOMBO, Fra SEBASTIANO DEL, born in Venice (?) in 1485, died in Rome, June 21, 1547. Venetian school ; real name Luciani, but commonly called as above from the office PIOTROWSKI in the last of which he painted the Flagellation and the Transfiguration, now damaged by time and restoration. The Visitation, Louvre, was painted in 1521 for Francis L In 1527 Sebastiano went to Venice, and there probably…
PLASSAN, (ANTOINE) binTY, born at Bordeaux, Sept. 29, 1817. Genre painter. Medals : 3d class, 1852, 1857, 1859 ; L. of Honour, 1859 ; medal, Philadelphia Exposition, 1876. Works : Market in the House, Indolence (1868) ; Studio, Armed to the Teeth (1872) ; Breakfast (1873) ; Branch of Boxwood, Sick Child, Good Digestion (1874) ; Sleeping Girl ; Before the Mirror (1876) ; Contemplation, Reading (187…
POLYGNOTUS, the first really great Greek painter, son and pupil of Aglaophon, born in Thasos about the beginning of 5th century B.C. He probably accompanied Cimou on his return from the expedition against Thasos (463 s.c.), to Athens, where he was employed in the decoration of the walls of the public buildings, and Polygnotus refusing any compensation for his labour, the Athenians bestowed citizen…
PRESENTATION IN TEMPLE, Fra Bartolommeo, Vienna Museum ; wood, H. 4 ft. 11 in. x 5 ft.; dated 1516. Simeon, standing before the altar, holds the Child presented by the Virgin ; on left, SS. Joseph, with two pigeons, Elizabeth, and Anna. Painted for Convent of S. Marco, Florence ; bought by Grand Duke Leopold I. in 1781; obtained by exchange from him by the Emperor Joseph H. Engraved by A. Campanel…
CALVARY, PROCESSION TO, Pierre Miynard, Louvre ; canvas, H. 5 ft. x 6 ft 6 in.; signed, dated 1684. Christ, in centre, has fallen under the weight of the cross, which Simon of Cyrene and others are carrying, preceded and followed by soldiers and rabble, up the mountain ; in foreground, left, the Virgin, Magdalen, and St. John ; right, women and children. Painted for M. de Seignelay, and passed 'to…
PROCLAMATION AT VERSAILLES, Anton von Werner, Emperor of Germany ; canvas, H. 15 ft. x 27 ft. The Proclamation of the German Emperor, January 18, 1871, in the Galerie des Glaces of the Ch?teau at Versailles. On a carpeted platform stands King William, who has just been proclaimed German Emperor, with the Crown Prince on his right and his son-in-law, the Grand Duke of Baden, on his left ; grouped s…
PRODIGAL SON, PAlouard Dubufe, A. T. Stewart Collection, New 'York. A trilogy, the central panel representing in colours the prodigal's riotous living, the characters in Venetian costumes of Titian's time ; the table, left, before a hostelry, with two courtesans ; an old woman, leaning upon a stick, asks alms ; a servant pours wine into a glass for the Prodigal, another is coming out of the door, …
PROTOGENES, one of the most famous of Greek painters, born in Caunus, Carla ; resided chiefly in Rhodes, but painted much at Athens ; best period, 332-300 no. Until his fiftieth year he supported himself by painting ships, then decorated with fanciful devices ; but his reputation was established by Apelles, who visited Rhodes and made its people recognize his merits (Pliny, xxxv. 36). The Rhodians…
PRUDENCE, FORTITUDE, AND TEMPERANCE, also called The Three Virtues. Raphael, Camera della Segnatura, Vatican, fresco, in arch above window. The three handmaids of Justice : in centre, Prudence, Janus-faced, to whom one genius presents a mirror while another holds a torch ; on left, Fortitude, an armed woman sitting, with a branch of oak in her hand and a lion by her aide ; on right, Temperance, ho…
QUELLINUS (Quellin), JAN ERASMUS, born in Antwerp, baptized Dec. 1, 1634, died at Mechlin, March 11, 1715. Flemish school ; history painter, son and pupil of Erasmus Quellinus, the younger ; visited Italy and studied especially after Paolo Veronese ; master of Antwerp Guild in 1660 ; painter to Emperors Leopold I and Joseph I.; treated large compositions with skill, but heads unattractive, colouri…
QUELLINUS (Quellin), ERASMUS, the younger, born in Antwerp, No,. 19, 1607, diet there, Nov. 7, 16 7 8. Flemish school ; history and portrait painter, son of the sculptor Erasmus Quellinus, the elder, pupil of Verhaeghe (1633-34), and of Rubens, among whose imitators and adherents he, save Diepenbeeck, stands foremost ; master of Antwerp Guild in 1634 ; friend of the scholar Caspar Gevaerts, assis…
MASSYS, QUINTEN, born in Antwerp before 1460, died there between July 13 and Sept. 16, 15 3 0. Flemish school ; history, genre, and portrait painter, perhaps pupil of Dierick Bouts. The current story of his having begun life as a blacksmith, and turned to art in order to win a painter's daughter for his wife, is not well authenticated. What we know is, that he married about 1480, and again in 150…
LAZARUS, RAISING OF, Garofalo, Ferrara Gallery ; wood, H. 8 ft. 6 in. x 5 ft. 7 in. An excellent composition, with figures in two groups, accessories of landscape, and a sepulchre cut in the rock. Painted in 1534 for S. Francesco, Ferrara. - Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 463 ; Ape italiana delle Belle Arti (Rome), i. 36. By Giotto, S. M. dell' Arena, Padua ; fresco on wall. One of same series as Last Judg…
EUROPA, RAPE OF, Claude Lorrain, Buckingham Palace ; canvas, H. 4 ft. x 4 ft. whose hands it passed to the Orleans Colleetion ; sold in 1798 to Lord Berwick for ?700 Copy by Rubens in Madrid Museum ; another, probably by Del Mazo, is in collection of Sir Richard Wallace ; poor copy in Dulwich Gallery. - C. & C., Titian, ii. 319 ; Waagen, Treasures, iii. 19. By Paolo Veronese, Palazzo Ducale, Venic…
LEUCIPPIDES, RAPE OF. See Castor and Pollux. vania Academy, Philadelphia ; Columbus at Gate of La Rabida Monastery (1844); John Knox and Mary Stuart (1845) ; Sir Walter Raleigh and Queen Elizabeth on a Walk (1845) ; English Iconoclasts, Torquemada persuading King Ferdinand to dismiss Embassy of the Jews (1846) ; Henry VIII. and Anna Boleyn in the Park, Puritan surprising his Daughter before a Mado…
SABINES, RAPE OF THE. Romulus, his people having been refused the right of connubium or legal marriage by the Sabines and the Latins, instituted games in honour of the god Consus and invited his neighbours with their wives and children to the festival. When they were assembled, the Roman youths seized and carried off the virgins and made them their wives. This led to war, and both parties were nea…
RAPHAEL or RAFFAELLO, born at Urbino, April 6, 1483, died in Rome, April 6, 1520. Umbrian and Roman school ; family name Santo, Santi, Sanctius, or Sanzio ; son and pupil of Giovanni Santi, after whose death (1492) he was probably taught by Timoteo Vite or Luca Signorelli, until his uncle, Simon Ciarla, took him to Perugia, at some time between June, 1499, and May, ants in painting the frescos of …
RAPHAEL'S BIBLE, a series of fifty-two frescos in the Loggie of the Vatican, Rome. The Loggia which leads to the apartments of the Pope consists of thirteen arcades arched in cupolas. Each of the arcades contains four pictures ; forty-eight subjects are from the Old Testament, and four from the life of Christ. The sketches were made by Raphael, the cartoons were prepared by Giulio Romano, and the …
MONVOISIN, RAYMOND AUGUSTE QUINSAC, born at Bordeaux, Aug. 3, 1794, died at Boulogne-sur-Seine, April 1, 1870: History painter, pupil of Guerin ; won the grand prix de Rome in 1822. He founded a school of art in Valparaiso, where he lived sixteen years. Medals : 1st class, 1831, 1837. He married Domenica Festa (born 1805, in Rome), a skilful miniature painter. Works : Christ healing the Possessed …
REBEKAH AND ELTEZER, Murillo, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 6 in. x 5 ft. Eliezer drinks from a copper kettle held by Rebekah, who, with three other maidens bearing jars, stands near a well at right ; at left, in middle distance, men and camels ; background, landscape with mountains. In second manner. Etched by E. Buxo ; lithographed by F. Decraein ; C. Mugica. - Curtis, 118 ; Madraza, 467. By…
REGNAULT, (ALEXANDRE G E 0 RGES) HENRI, born in Paris, Oct. 30, Cabanel. Won the grand prix de Rome in 1866, and spent the next two years in Italy; then went to Spain, where he made himself famous by as equestrian portrait of General Prim. In 1869 he revisited Italy, and in the next year went to Africa, whence he re turned to fight in the German War, and was killed at Buzenval during a sortie of …
REINHART, (JOHANN) CHRISTIAN, born near Hof, Franconia, Jan . 24, 1761, died in Rome, June 8, 1847. Landscape and animal painter, pupil in Leipsic of Oeser, and in Dresden of Klengel ; after painting for Duke of Meiningen, went in 1789 to Rome, where he was allied with Koch, Carstens, Fernow, Voogd, and Wagner ; visited Naples in 1804-5, made excavations at Ostia in 181011, and became member of B…
PEALE, REMBRANDT, born in Bucks County, Pa., Feb. 22, 1787, died in Philadelphia, Oct. 3, 1860. Portrait painter, pupil of Benjamin West; ion of Charles Wilson Peale, for whose museum in Philadelphia Lie spent some time in Paris painting the portraits of Europe t, celebrities. His most noted picture is a portrait of Washington, purchased by the United States Senate in 1832 for $2,000. Exhibited f…
REMBRANDT VAN RYN, born in Leyden, July 15, 1607, died in Amsterdam, buried Oct. 8, 1669. Dutch school ; his father, Harmen Gerritsz, a miller, and his mother, Neeltgen Willems van Suyddtbroek, daughter of a baker, lived in a house situated in the Weddersteeg (Street of the Tank), near the Witte Poort (White Gate) and there Rembrandt was born. Having little taste for books, and a strong natural lo…
RENE D'ANJOU, surnamed the Good, born in castle of Angers in 1408, died in Provence in 1480. French school ; illuminator, painter, poet, and patron of arts ; second son of Louis II., Duke of Anjou, Comte de Provence and titular King of Naples. Summonzio, the Neapolitan writer, says that King Rene was a good painter in the Flemish style, but several pictures attributed to him are now shown to be by…
REPOSE IN EGYPT, Paul Delaroche, Sir Richard Wallace, Bart., London. The Virgin seated with Infant Jesus asleep on her knees ; in background, St. Joseph. Called sometimes Vierge au lezard. Painted for Lord Hertford. Engraved by Martinet. - Larousse, xiii. 995. By Anton van Dyck, Hermitage, St. Pe tersburg ; canvas, H. 7 ft. x 9 ft. 1 in. Same as the Palazzo Pitti picture, except that the angels ar…
RESURRECTION, Annibale Carracci, Louvre ; canvas, arched, H. 7 ft 1 in. x 5 ft. By Filippino Lippi, Munich Gallery ; wood, H. 5 ft. x 4 ft. 10 in.; predella, 1 ft.x with the marks of the Crucifixion on his body ; above, in a glory of cherubim, God the Father, with the Virgin and Gabriel kneeling on clouds at sides ; below, in landscape, people in adoration. In the predella, Christ rising from th…
PRODIGAL SON, RETURN OF, Murillo, Dudley House, London ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 5 in. x 4 ft. 5 in. Half-naked, falling on his knees in the arms of his father, who, followed by the mother, brother, and sister, has come from the house to receive him. Bought from a dealer by Queen Isabella, who presented it in 1856 to Pius IX. ; acquired from Vatican by Lord Dudley in 1872 in exchange for a Holy Family by…
REYNOLDS, Sir JOSHUA, born at Plympton, Devonshire, July 16, 1723, died in London, Feb. 23, 1792. Son of Rev. Samuel Reynolds, master of the grammar school at Plympton St. Mary, Plymouth. Went to London in 1741 as a pupil of Thomas Hud son, and after less than two years' study returned home and painted many portraits at a low price. In 1746 he began practice in London, and in 1749 accompanied Com…
RICCLA.RELLI F. Cervelli, whom he accompanied to Milan ; resided several years in Florence, Rome, and other Italian cities, studying and executing many works. From Vienna, where he decorated the Palace of SchOnbrunn, he went to England, in the reign of Queen Anne, and during a ten years' residence painted the chapel at Bulstrode for the Duke of Portland, the hall of Burlington House, an altarpiece…
ANSDELL, RICHARD, born in Liverpool in 1815, died in April, 1885. Genre and animal painter ; self-taught, exhibited first at Royal Academy in 1840 ; removed to London in 1847 ; visited Spain in 1856 and 1857 ; elected an A. It A. in 1861 and R. A. in 1870. Pictures of animals painted between 1843 and 1850 show Landseer's influence ; in 1850-60 painted chiefly domestic animals in association with C…
RICHTER, (ADRIAN) LUDWIG, born in Dresden, Sept. 28, 1803, died at Loschwitz, near Dresden, June 19, 1884. Landscape and genre painter and illustrator, son and pupil of the engraver Karl August studied afterwards in the German Alps, and in 1823-26 in Italy. Appointed instructor in drawing at the porcelain factory in Meissen in 1828 ; called to the Dresden Academy in 1836, and professor there in 18…
RINALDO AND ARMIDA. Subject from Tasso's "Gerusalemme liberata" (Jerusalem Delivered). Rinaldo, who has fled from the camp of the Crusaders after slaying Gernando, gives himself up to amorous delights in the gardens of the enchantress Armida. By Agostino Carracci, Naples Museum ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 4 in. x 7 ft. 9 in. Armida, seated upon a hillock under a tree, arranges her hair with the aid of a mi…
EBERLE, ROBERT, born at Meersburg, on Lake Constance, July 22, 1815, died at Eberfing, near Munich, Sept 19, 1862. Animal painter, pupil in Constance of J. J. Bidermann. Went to Munich in 1830 and formed himself by studying nature, Ruysdael, and Du Jardin ; spent three months in America (1848), and then settled in Munich, where he died from an accidental pistol-shot. Works : Shepherd with Herd ret…
ROBERT-FLEURY, (JOSEPH) NICOLAS, born in Cologne, Aug. 8, 1797, of French parents. History and genre painter, pupil of Girodet, Gros, and Horace Vernet. Lived much in Rome up to 1826, when he settled in Paris. In 1833 he exhibited Scene in the Massacre of St. Bartholomew, which at once gave him a high position. Medals : 2d class, 1824 ; 1st class, 1834, 1855, 1867 ; L. of Honour, 1836 ; Officer, 1…
GIFFORD, ROBERT SWAIN, born on the Island of Naushon, Gosnold, Mass., Dec. 23, 1840. Landscape painter and etcher ; studied in New Bedford under Albert van Beest, marine painter, in 1864, and settled in Europe and North Africa in 1870-71, and again in 1874-75. Began to paint in watercolours in 1865, and soon became a prominent member of the Water Colour Society. Elected an A.N.A. in 1870, and N.A…
PRIEUR, ROMAIN ETIENNE GABRIEL, born at La Ferte-Gaucher (Seineet-Marne), Aug. 21, 1806, died in 1880. Landscape painter, pupil of Victor Berlin and of the Ecole des Beaux Arts ; won grand prix de Rome in 1883. Medals : 3d class, 1842 ; 2d class, 1845. Works : Haymaking, View at Villette (1833) ; Forest of lazzo del TO and elsewhere. In 1531 he went, on the invitation of Francis L, to France, whe…
ROMAN CHARITY (Caritas Romans), the title generally given to illustrations of an act of filial piety narrated by several ancient writers, in which a daughter nourishes with her own milk a parent condemned to death by hunger. According to Valerius Maximus (v. 8) and Pliny (Nat. vu. 36) the imprisoned parent is a mother ; but Festus and Solinus make the characters of the drama a father named Cimon a…
ROQUEPLAN, (JOSEPH gTIENNE) CAXIILLE, called Rocoplan, born at Mallemart (Bouches-du-RhOne), Feb. 18, 1800, died in Paris, Sept. 29, 1855. Genre, marine, and landscape painter, pupil of Abel de Pujol and of Gros. One of the leaders of the new school of French art (1830). Medals : 2d class, 1824 ; 1st class, 1828 ; L. of Honour, 1831 ; Officer, 1852. Works : Equinoctial Tide, Death of the Spy Morri…
CARRIERA, ROSALBA (Rosa Alba), born in Venice, Oct. 7, 1675, died there, April 15, 1757. Venetian school; daughter of Andrea Carriers de Costantino, chancellor of the village of Gambarare. Worked with her mother at making Point de Venise lace until it went out of fashion, when she learned to paint for a livelihood. Studied under Antonio Lazzari, Diamantini, Balestra, and others, and at the age of…
ROUX, (PROSPER) LOUIS, born in Paris, Feb. 13, 1817. History and genre painter, pupil of Delaroche. Medals : 3d class, 1846 ; 2d class, 1857, 1859. Works : St. Roch praying for the Plague-Stricken (1846), Luxembourg ; Italian Peasant playing with Child (1847) ; Jean Boltius - an Anatomist of Liege ; Linnteus returning from an Excursion, Scholar in his Study (1847), Ravene Gallery, Berlin ; Mozart'…
JORDAN, RUDOLF, born in Berlin, May Amsterdam, and Brussels Academies. Medals : Berlin, 1866, 1878 ; Vienna, 1873 ; Philadelphia, 1876. Works : Fisherman's Family (1832); Proposal of Marriage in Helgoland (1834), Windlass in Normandy (1843), Death of the Pilot (1856), Old Sailor's Home on Dutch Coast (1866), Widow's Comfort (1866), National Gallery, Berlin ; Forgotten Boots, Evening in Helgoland,…
ABRAHAM, SACRIFICE OF (Genesis xxii.), Cris. Allah, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 7 in. x 4 ft. 3 in. Abraham, about to sacrifice Isaac in a rocky place, has his arm arrested by an angel who points to the ram in the thicket ; in back-ground, two servants and a pack-horse. Engraved by Rossi. - GaL du Pal. Pitti, i. PL 2. By Murillo, Wm. O. Cartwright, Ayn ho e, Northamptonshire, Eng.; …
SALOME, daughter of Herodias and of Philip, brother of Herod the tetrarch. She danced before her uncle on his birthday and so pleased him that he promised with an oath to give her whatever she should ask. She, instructed by her mother, whose guilty relations with Herod had been denounced by John the Baptist, demanded the head of John, and it was brought to her in a charger (Matt., xiv.). A favouri…
RUISDAEL, SALOMON VAN, born in Haarlem about 1600, buried Nov. 1, 1670. Dutch school ; landscape painter, formed himself after Esaias van de Velde, and Jan van Goyen, whom he resembles much in merits and defects. Entered the Haarlem guild in 1623, and was its president in 1648. While his earlier works are scarcely distin guishable from those of his model, his later pictures are more mannered in th…
WOUNDED, SALUTING THE (Sala aux blesses), Edouard Detaille, Samuel Hawk Collection, New York ; canvas. A convoy of German prisoners, on foot, passing a French general and his escort, mounted, on the highway ; the latter salute the captives with military politeness, the officers by raising their caps, the cuirassiers by the ordinary gesture. Painted in 1875 by commission from Mr. Samuel Hawk from a…
ROSA, SALVATOR, born at Renella, near Naples, June 20, 1615, died in Rome, March 15, 1673. Neapolitan school ; pupil of his uncle, Paolo Greco, and his brother-in-law, Francesco Fracanzano. When about eighteen years old he made a sketch ing tour through the Abruzzi, and is said to have learned from banditti of that wild region many incidents which he afterwards painted. On his return home he was …
SAMSON AND DELILAH (Judges, xvi.), Anton van Dyck, Vienna Museum ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 71 in. x 8 ft 2 in. Samson, just awakened from his slumber, stooping and with one knee on the ground, is struggling with the Philistines ; Delilah, in a white vest and red mantle, is lying on the couch, at the head of which is an elderly woman. From Van Amory Collection, Amsterdam (1722), 4,300 florins. Engraved by…
BOUGH, SAMUEL, born at Carlisle, Scotland, in 1822, died in Edinburgh, Nov. 1878. Landscape painter, self-taught ; removed to Edinburgh in 1855 ; in 1857, RS.A. in 1875. Works : Shipbuilding on the Clyde ; Kirkwall ; London from Shooter's Hill ; St. Monaw's ; Winton Castle; Ben Nevis. Salmon-Fishing (1885). Works in United States : Dismal Swamp, August Belmont, New York ; Idyl, Samuel Hawk Collect…
SANTI (Sanzio), GIOVANNI, born in Colbordolo about 1435, died in Urbino, Aug. 1, 1494. Umbrian school ; son of Sante Santi, a huckster, and the father of Raphael ; was a painter before 1468 ; master unknown, but probably brought up under influence of Piero della Francesca and of Melozzo da Forli. Was a man of culture ; wrote a long poem, still extant (Vatican Library), in honour of his patron, Fed…
SASKIA VAN ULENBURGH, portrait, Rembrandt, Berlin Museum ; wood, H. 2 ft. 4 in. x 1 ft. 11 in.; signed, dated 1643. Rembrandt's first wife, to whom he was married, June 10, 1634. Bust, looking forward ; wearing a fur hat with a string of pearls around it, and a silk dress. - Bode, Studien, 456, 563 ; Meyer, Museen, 364. By Rembrandt, Cassel Gallery ; wood, H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 3 ft. 2 in. Profile vi…
SCHIDONE (Schedone), BARTOLOM MEO, born in Modena about 1570 (?), died there, Dec. 27, 1615. Lombard school; said to have been a pupil of the Carracci, but his style shows careful study of Correggio, whose works he imitated, but without servility. Patronized by Duke Ranuccio of Modena, for whom he painted some admirable pictures. His frescos of the History of Coriolanus, in the Palazzo Pubblico, …
SCHOOL OF ATHENS, Raphael, Camera della Segnatura, Vatican, Rome ; fresco, arched top, H. 16 ft. x 26 ft. 8 in. The Triumph of Science ; companion to the Dispute of the Sacrament, which represents the Triumph of Religion. A vast portico, the arcades of which are pierced with niches filled with statues ; those in front, Apollo and Minerva ; in the centre, Plato, with Aristotle beside him, is expoun…
SCILIUFELIN (Schauffelein, Scheufelin, Scheyffelin), HANS LEONHARD, born in Nuremberg before 1490, died at N6rdlingen in 1539 or 1540. German school ; history painter, pupil of Darer, whom he assisted in an altarpiece executed in 1502, and whose manner he imitated so well that many of his numerous pictures have been accredited to his master. He lived alternately in Augsburg (1512), Nuremberg, and …
SCOREL (Schoreel, Schoorle), JAN VAN, born at Schoorl, near Alkmaar, Aug. 1, 1 4 9 5, died at Haar-1 e m , or at Utrecht, Dec. 6, 1562. Dutch school. History, portrait, and landscape painter, pupil of Wil lem Cornelisz in Haarlem (about 1509-12), of Jacob Cornelisz in Amsterdam, and of Mabuse in Utrecht ; afterwards studied perspective and architecture at Cologne, and at Speyer with a priest, as …
HOGARTH, SCOTTISH. See Allan, David. king, whose studio he had frequented. As his book-plates were not profitable, he set up as a portrait painter and met with considerable success. In 1733 he completed his series of six pictures entitled the Harlot's Progress (5 burned at Fonthill, 1755 ; the sixth picture, Earl of Wemys, Gosford House), which was followed by the .Rake's Progress (8 pictures), an…
VRANCX, SEBASTIAAN, born in Antwerp, baptized Jan. 22, 1573, died there, May 19, 1647. Flemish school ; history, hunt, and battle painter, pupil of Adam van Noort, then went to Italy, and probably returned about 1600, when he became master of the guild at Antwerp ; was dean in 1612. He followed in the path of Jan Brueghel and Hendrik van Balen, enlivening his pictures with a multitude of well-grou…
BOURDON, SEBASTIEN, born at Mont pellier, Feb. 2, 1616, died in Paris, May 8, 1671. French school ; history painter ; pupil of Barthelemy at Paris until his fifteenth year, when he went to Bordeaux, where he painted in fresco ; and to Toulouse where, finding no employment, he enlisted. In 1634, having obtained his dismissal, he proceeded to Rome, made copies from the old masters for a dealer for …
SEGHERS (Segers, Zeghers), DANIEL, born in Antwerp, Dec. 5, 1590, died there, Nov. 2, 1661. Flemish school ; flower painter, pupil of Jan Brueghel in 1611 and master of the guild in same year ; entered the Order of Jesuits in 1614, visited Rome, painted much for the church of his Order in Antwerp, and could hardly fulfil the numerous commissions by princes who vied with one another in securing wor…
SHARPLES (Sharpless), JAMES, born in England in 1751, died in New York, Feb. 26, 1811. Of a Roman Catholic family, he was educated in France for the priesthood ; studied art in London under George Romney (?), married, and sailed for America in 1794 with his wife and three children, but was taken by the French, carried into Brest, and imprisoned several months. On his liberation he again embarked, …
SHEE, Sir MARTIN ARCHER, born in Dublin, Dec. 20, 1769. died at Brighton, Aug. 19, 1850. Pupil of Dublin School of Design, and won some repute in that city as a portrait painter; went to London in 1788 and, through advice of Sir Joshua Reynolds, became a pupil of the Royal Academy in 1790. He gradually won his way and became a successful portrait painter of men, his earliest works being theatrica…
SIBYLS, Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel, Vatican, Rome ; frescos on ceiling. Painted on five of the twelve pendentives, the other seven being filled with as many prophets, viz. : Zachariah, Joel, Ezekiel, Jeremiah, Jonah, Daniel, and Isaiah. Erythrman Sibyl, full-length, seated, looking into an open book at right. Behind, two children, one lighting a lamp. Persian Sibyl, full-length, seated, writing …
SIGNOL, gMILE, born in Paris, March 11 (May 8, Bellier), 1804. History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of Blondel and Gros ; won the 2d grand prix de Rome in 1829, and the grand prix in 1830. Medals : 2d class, 1834 ; 1st class, 1835 ; L. of Honour, 1841 ; Officer, 1865 ; Member of Institute, 1860. Works : Joseph telling his Dream to his Brothers (1824) ; Meleager taking up Arms (1830) ; Death…
SIMEON IN THE TEMPLE. See Presentation. SIMMLER, FRIEDRICH, born at Hanau, May 4, 1801, died at Aschaffenburg, Nov. 2, 1872. Animal, landscape, and portrait painter, pupil of Munich Academy under Langer and W. Kobell, much influenced by Wagenbaur, then pupil of Vienna Academy (1824) ; returned home and went again to Vienna in 1826 ; painted portraits and went to Italy in 1827, and after his return…
VLIEGER, SIMON DE, born in Rotterdam about 1600, died in Amsterdam shortly before 1660. Dutch school ; marine and landscape painter, supposed pupil of Willem van de Velde the elder ; entered guild at Delft in 1634, and became a citizen of Amsterdam. He was the first to represent with great truth the ocean under its different aspects. He had a pure feeling for nature, and excelled in aerial perspec…
CANTARINI, SIMONE, born at Oropezza near Pesaro in 1612, died at Verona, Oct. 15, 1648. Bolognese school ; called also Il Pesarese and Simone da Pesaro. Pupil of Giacomo Pandolfi, with whom he went to Venice ; studied next with Claudio Ridolfi, and afterwards with Guido; exhibited great talent, but grew so vain and arrogant that CANTERBURY he was forced to leave Bologna. After studying the works o…
SIMONE DI MARTINO (Martini) born in 1285 (?), died at Avignon, July, 1344. Sienese school ; son of one Martino and brother-in-law to Lippo Memmi, whence Vasari's error in calling him Simone Memmi. Sometimes called also Simone da Siena. Vasari probably errs in making him the pupil of Giotto, he being obviously a follower of the purely Sienese manner improved by Duccio. This is clear from the earlie…
VOUET, SIMON, born in Paris. Jan. 9. masters. Even in his fourteenth year he showed such skill that he was called to England to paint the portrait of a refugee, - a lady of high rank. Charles I. in vain endeavoured to retain him, and he returned to France to follow (1611) the French Ambassador Baron de Sancy to Constantinople, where he painted Sultan Achmet L from memory. In 1612 he went to Venic…
BRETON, SMILE ADELARD, born at Courrieres ; contemporary. Landscape painter ; brother and pupil of Jules Bret o n. Medals: 1866, 1867, 1868; 1st class (1878); Philadelphia (1876) ; Vienna (1873); L. of Honour (1878) ; Order of Leopold. Studio at Courrieres. Works : Morning Light, Sunset, Autumn (1861); Twilight in Autumn, Gust of Wind (1863); Summer Evening, Twilight (1865) ; A Pond (1866); Sprin…
VERNIER, SMILE LOULS, born at Lons-le-Saulnier (Jura). Landscape painter and lithographer, pupil of Collette. Paints in the style of Corot. Medals : 1869, 1870. Works : View near Besancon, River Ain (1864) ; Park of Champigny (1865) ; Street in Champigny, View of Champigny (1866) ; River Doubs, Road in the Woods (1867) ; Village of Avane, River Loire (1868) ; View at Cleron, River Lone (1869) ; Fa…
SORGH (Zorg), HENDRIK MAERTENSZ, born in Rotterdam in 1621 (?), died there between Oct. 16, 1669, and Aug. 6, 1670. Real name Hendrik Martensz Rokes. Genre painter, pupil of Willem Buiteweg ; represented p e a sa n t scenes, conversations, and kitchen interiors, with genuine feeling for nature, good drawing, and careful execution. Works: Boors at Cards, Man and Woman at Table, National Gallery, Lo…
SORTIE OF THE BANNING COCK COMPANY, Rembrandt, Amsterdam Museum ; canvas, H. 11 ft. 9 in. x 14 ft. 3 in. ; signed, dated 1642. Erroneously called Ronde de nuit and Patrouille de nuit by French writers, and Night Watch by Sir Joshua Reynolds. It represents the gathering in broad daylight, of the Civic Guard of Amsterdam outside of their quarters, from which they are emerging at the sound of the dru…
MARRIAGE, SPANISH (Le manage espagnol or La Vicaria), Mariano Fortuny, Mme. de Cassin, Paris. Sometimes called Mariage dans In vicaria de Madrid, although it does not represent the vicaria of Madrid nor any existing sacristy, the painter having chosen the material for his background from several churches, especially from the Cathedral of Granada and from a church in Rome. Represents a wedding part…
SPASIMO DI SICILIA, Raphael, Madrid Museum ; wood transferred to canvas, H. 9 ft. 10 in. x 7 ft. 6 in. Christ, on the way to Calvary, has sunk under the weight of the cross, which Simon of Cyrene offers to carry ; an executioner, at left, endeavours to drag him along by a rope, while another raises his spear to strike him ; but, regardless of his own sufferings, he turns consolingly to the Virgin,…
SPINELLI, SPINELLO, born at Arezzo about 1333, died there, March 14, 1410. Florentine school. Son of Luca Spinelli, of a Ghibelline family that took refuge at Arezzo about 1308 ; commonly called Spinello Aretino or d' Arezzo. Pupil of Jacopo di Casentino, and at twenty a better painter than his master. He was of great merit, following the style developed by Jacopo and by Bernardo Daddi, but rose a…
ANTHONY, ST., TEMPTATION OE, Pieter Brueghel, the younger, Dresden Gallery ; copper, IL 11 in. x 1 ft. 3 in.; signed, dated 1604. The Saint praying in his cell at left, is tempted by a beautiful young woman, richly habited, who is accompanied by numerous demons ; at right, a rocky country, with buildings in background. - RAveil, xii. 837. By Lucas van Leyden, Dresden Gallery ; wood, round, diem. 9…
AUGUSTINE, ST., Murillo, Joseph T. Mills, Rugby, Warwickshire ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 10 in. x 4 ft. 5 in. The Saint, in bishop's robes, with mitre and crook, stands on seashore conversing with a child who is trying to fill a hole in sand with water taken from sea in a shell. According to the legend, the child said he was going to empty the sea into the hole. "Impossible," said the Bishop. "No more imp…
BRUNO, ST., HISTORY OF, Eustace Lesueur, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, 22 pictures, each, H. 6 ft. 4 in. x 4 ft. 3 in. The principal events in the life of St. Bruno, founder of the Chartreuse, Paris, were painted in 1645-48 for the spaces between the pilasters in the little cloister of that monastery, to replace similar pictures upon canvas painted in 1508, which were almost destroyed by time, and which…
CATHERINE, ST., MARRIAGE OF, Fra Bartolommeo, Louvre ; wood, H. 8 ft. 5 in. x 7 ft 6 in.; signed, dated 1511. The Virgin, enthroned, attended by SS. Peter, Bartholomew, Vincent, and others, holding palms, presides at the mystic marriage of Jesus with St. Catherine, who kneels before her ; behind her, to right, SS. Francis and Dominic embracing ; above, angels sustain the curtains of the canopy. Pa…
CECILIA, ST., John Singleton Copley, W. S. Appleton, Boston ; signed, dated 1806. Portrait of Mrs. R S. Derby ; dressed in white picked out with gold, playing on the harp, with angels in the air above. - A. T. Perkins, 50. By Carlo Dolci, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 3 ft.. 3 in. x 2 ft. 8 in. St. Cecilia, half-length, playing the organ. Painted for Grand Duke Cosmo III., who presented it to the G…
USSI, STEFANO, born in Florence in 1822. History painter, pupil of Florence Academy under Pollastrini ; won prizes in 1843, 1846, and 1849, studied in Rome in Antwerp, Jan. 12, 1599, died there, Oct. 5, 16 5 2 . Flemish school ; still-life and poultry-yard painter, pupil of Harmen de Neyt ; master of Antwerp guild in 1625, travelled extensively in France, Italy, and Germany, and was much employed…
STEVAERTS. See Palamedesz. Paris gcole des B. Arts, then in Brussels of Navez, and in Paris of Roque-plan ; has acquired great fame with his graceful representations of elegant modern interiors, enlivened with women's and children's figures. Medals : Brussels, 1851; Paris, 3d class, 1853 ; 2d class, 1855 ; 1st class, 1867, 1878 ; Order of Leopold, 1855 ; Officer, 1863, afterwards Commander ; L. o…
FRANCIS XAVIER, ST., Murillo, John S. W. Erle-Drax, Olantigh Towers, Kent, England ; canvas, figures full-length, life-size. The Saint kneeling with eyes upraised ; a stream .of light falls on his breast, from which issues a flame ; in background, group of Indians in a landscape. Belonged to D. Francisco Artier, from whom purchased about 1809 by Mr. Campbell, Buchanan's agent in Spain ; passed to…
GEORGE, ST., AND THE DRAGON. St. George of Cappadocia, the patron saint of England, was, according to the legend, a tribune in the army in the time of Diocletian. When on the way to join his legion, he overcame a terrible dragon, near Selene, in Libya (or Berytus, Syria, according to another account), and rescued the king's daughter, Cleodolinda, who was about to be sacrificed to appease the beast…
ILDEFONSO, ST., Murillo, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 10 ft. 2 in. x 8 ft. 3 in. The Virgin, seated in an arm-chair on a platform beneath a canopy, attended by four angels, delivers a chasuble to the kneeling Saint, behind whom kneels an old woman in white cap and red mantle ; above, cherubs and heads in a glory. Last manner. Collection of Philip V. Engraved by F. Selma ; etched by C. Alabern. - Cu…
STIRRUP CUP (La Coupe de l'etrier), Jean Louis Ernest Meissonier, Sir Richard Wallace, Bart., Hertford House, London. Two cavaliers have stopped in front of an inn, at right ; one, mounted on a white horse, is drinking, while the other receives a glass from a man-servant. Painted in 1865 ; purchased by Marquis of Hertford at Prince Paul Demidoff sale, Paris (1868). Never engraved. By Jean Louis Er…
JEROME, ST., COMMUNION OF, Agostino Carracci, Bologna Gallery ; canvas, H. 10 ft. 9 in. x 6 ft. 5 in. The dying St. Jerome, kneeling, under a Corinthian portico, receives his last communion in the presence of several priests and other spectators. Painted for Church of the Certosini, Bologna ; carried to Paris in 1796 ; returned in 1815. Agostino's masterpiece, and one of the best pictures in Bolog…
JEROME, ST., Lorenzo Lotto, Louvre ; wood, H. 1 ft. 11 in. x 1 ft. 4 in. ; signed, dated 1500. The Saint, kneeling in a rocky landscape, strikes his breast with one hand while holding a crucifix in the other ; at left, a cavern, a hermit, and a lion ; in distance, a horseman at foot of a mountain. Acquired in 1857 for 995 francs at Maret sale. - Villot, Cat. Louvre. By Tintoretto, Vienna Museum ; …
JOHN BAPTIST, ST., Guercino, Capitol Gallery, Rome. Half-figure of the Saint, with one hand resting on his breast and his eyes raised to heaven. Fine head. - Lavice, 331. By Murillo, Madrid Museum ; canvas, IL 4 ft. x 3 ft. 3 in. St. John, about seven years old, wearing a red tunic and sheepskin robe, seated beside a large rock, looking towards a ray of light descending from heaven ; his right han…
JOHN BAPTIST, ST., AND LAMB, Murillo, Hospital de is Caridad, Seville ; wood, H. 2 ft. 9 in. x 2 ft. The child St. John, standing front, his left hand, holding a cross and scroll, on the back, and his right hand on the breast of a lamb which stands by his side. Painted for Hospital about 1674. Engraved by A. Boilly. - Curtis, 244. By Murillo, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 5 in. x 3 f…
JOHN BAPTIST, ST., IN WILDERNESS, Guido Reni, Dulwich Gallery, England ; canvas, H. 7 ft. 3 in. x 5 ft. 2 in. Life-size figure, nearly nude, sitting on a rock, with gray-coloured drapery about the hips ; right arm raised, left hand holding a cross of reeds. In distance a group of eight figures ; a wood in the background ; cloudy sky. Bought by M. Desenfans from Mr. A. Wilson for 1,000 guineas. Eng…
JOSEPH, ST., AND INFANT CHRIST, Guido Reni, Hermitage, SL Petersburg. St. Joseph, dressed in a gray linen tunic and yellow mantle, carries in his arms the Infant, who holds a flower in his left hand ; in background, to right, the Virgin is seen riding on an ass led by an angel Bought for 7,900 florins from the gallery of William IL, King of the Netherlands.--Cat. Hermitage. By Murillo, Hermitage, …
LAWRENCE, ST., MARTYRDOM OF, Ruben, Munich Gallery ; wood, H. 8 ft. 3 in. x 5 ft. 10 in. Lawrence, a native of Spain, was archdeacon in Rome under Pope Sixtus IL, in the reign of Valerian, third century. After the death of Sixtus, Lawrence, commanded to give up the treasures of the Church, distributed them among the poor, and presenting himself before the prefect, accompanied by his beneficiaries,…
MARGARET, ST., Raphael, Louvre ; wood, transferred to canvas, E 5 ft. 10 in. x 4 ft. St. Margaret, standing and holding a palm, has one foot on the monster, which lies, with open mouth, upon its back. Painted about 1518, probably for Francis L or for his sister Marguerite de Valois, and according to Vasari, almost entirely by Giulio Romano from Raphael's design. Cleaned by Primaticcio in 1530 ; ag…
MARK, ST., Fro, Bartolommeo, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; wood transferred to canvas, H. 11 ft. 2 in. x 6 ft. 10 in. St. Mark sitting in a niche, with a closed book on his knees, and a pen in his right hand. Painted in 1514-15 for S. Marco, Florence ; sold in 1692 for 480 scudi to Ferdinando de' Melife-size. St. Mark enthroned between SS. Sebastian, Roch, Cosmo, and Damian. Painted about 1512 for S. …
MARTIN, ST., DIVIDING HIS MANTLE, Anton van Dyck, church at Saventhem, near Brussels ; wood, H. about 5 ft. 9 in. x 5 ft. 3 in. Nearly the same in composition as the picture by Rubens. The woman and children are omitted, St. Martin is a portrait of Van Dyck himself, and the horse is the one given him by Rubens. Painted by Van Dyck for a young lady at Saventhem, who presented it to the parish churc…
MICHAEL, ST., Raphael, Louvre ; wood, transferred to canvas, H. 6 ft. 10 in. x 3 ft. 5 in.; signed, dated 1518. St. Michael, having descended from heaven, has his foot on Satan, and raises his lance with both hands to strike him ; red and bluish flames shoot up from the crevices of the earth ; background, a rugged landscape. Painted in Rome for Lorenzo de' Medici, who wished to present it to Franc…
PAUL, ST., CONVERSION OF, Lodovico Carracci, Bologna Gallery ; canvas, H. 8 ft. 4 in. x 5 ft. 2 in. Saul, falling from his horse, which is rearing, raises his hand in astonishment at the sight of Christ appearing in glory in the heavens ; the soldiers around him are blinded by the light, from which they seek to escape. From S. Francesco, Bologna. Engraved by Trabalesi ; Tomba. - Pinac. di Bologna,…
PETER, ST., CHRIST'S CHARGE TO, Pietro Perugino, Sistine Chapel, Vatican ; fresco. Christ, attended by the Apostles and others in a palatial court, gives the keys to Peter, who is kneeling ; background, an octagonal temple with two porches, and a triumphal arch on each side, with landscape in background, figures in middle distance. One of his finest mural works. Finished in 1486. - C. & C., Italy,…
PETER, ST., MARTYRDOM OF, Sebastien Bourdon, Louvre ; canvas, H. 11 ft. 10 in. x 8 ft. 6 in. St. Peter is fastened head downwards to the cross, which is held by one executioner, at right, while a second one, at left, pulls it with a rope ; in front, at right, a woman, seen from behind and half-length, holds an infant in her arms ; in background, the statue of a pagan divinity; above, an angel with…
PETER, ST., DENIAL OF, Retnbrandt, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 6 in. x 5 ft. St. Peter, standing before a fire, with his left hand extended, is speaking to a young woman on his right, who bears a lighted candle in her hand ; near by are two soldiers, one of whom has removed his helmet and is about to drink from a bottle. - Smith, vii. 46. By David Teniers, younger, Louvre, Paris ;…
PETER MARTYR, ST., DEATH OF, Domenichino, Bologna Gallery ; canvas, H. 10 ft. 9 in. x 7 ft. 2 in. Peter Martyr, lying on the ground beneath trees, is about to be despatched by the sword of a ruffian, while his companion takes to flight ; above, five boy angels, one bearing the palm of martyrdom and the crown. The composition is a plagiarism on Titian's celebrated picture of the same subject, simpl…
STRATONICE, Dominique Ingres, Duo d'Aumale, Chantilly ; canvas. Antiochus Soter, son of Seleucus Nicator, King of Syria, having fallen seriously ill, Erasistratus, the King's physician, suspecting the cause, orders the ladies of the palace to come in one by one, and discovers by the beating of his patient's heart that he is in love with his beautiful step-mother, Queen Stratonice. The King, rather…
SEBASTIAN, ST., according to the legend, was commander of a company of the Praetorian Guards and a special favourite of Diocletian ; his fervent Christianity having made him obnoxious to the Emperor, the latter ordered him to be bound to a stake and shot to death with arrows. Irene, widow of a martyr, going with others to take his body for burial, found that none of the arrows had penetrated a vit…
STEPHEN, ST., MARTYRDOM OF, Charles Lebrun, Louvre ; canvas, H. 13 ft. 1 in. x 10 ft. 2 in.; signed, dated 1651. St. Stephen, stoned to death by the Jews (Acts vii.). He is lying on his back in the foreground, with hands outstretched and eyes upraised, while the rabble are stoning him ; in background, left, the walls and gate of the city ; at right, spectators ; above, God the Father, Christ, and …
THOMAS, ST., INCREDULITY OF, (John, xx. 25). By Cima da Conegliano, Venice Academy ; wood, H. 6 ft. 10 in. x 4 ft. 7 in. Christ, standing under an arched portico, with St. Thomas touching his wound ; on other side, St. Magnus ; background, landscape with a horseman. Formerly in the Scuola de' Muratori at Venice. - C. & C., N. Italy, i. 242 ; Zanotto, Pinac. dell' Accad., Pl. 16 ; Vasari, ed. Mil.,…
URSULA, ST., HISTORY OF, Vittore Carpaccio, Venice Academy ; nine canvases. Scenes from legend of St. Ursula, painted without regard to chronological order of legend. 1. Arrival at Cologne, H. 9 ft. x 8 ft. 4 in.; signed, dated 1490. 2. GlorifiEnvoys by King Maurus, H. 9 ft. x 19 ft. ; signed. 9. Death of Ursula, H. 9 ft. 2 in. x 11 ft. 8 in. Begun in 1490 ; painted for Scuola di S. Ursula, Venice…
SUPPER AT EMMAUS, (Luke xxiv. 30, 31). Michelangelo da Caravaggio, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 4 ft 7 in. x 6 ft. 5+ in. Painted for Cardinal Scipio Borghese ; from Palazzo Borghese came into possession of Lord Vernon, who presented it in 1839 to National Gallery. Engraved by A. Testa ; B. Valliant ; G. Giovane. - Meyer, Ramat. Lex., i. 615, 621. By Carpaccio, S. Salvatore, Venice ; canv…
SUTTERMANS (Sustermans), JTJSTUS (Joost), born in Antwerp, baptized Sept. 28, 1597, died in Florence, April 23, 1681. Flemish school ; portrait painter, pupil of Willem de Vos, then in Paris of Frans Pour-bus, the younger, where he spent three years before going to Italy. At Florence be was patronized by the Grand Dukes Cosimo II. and III. and Ferdinand II. At Vienna (1623-24) he was warmly receiv…
TEMPTATION AND FALL, Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel, Rome ; fresco on ceiling. scape, but occasionally biblical and mythological subjects ; his earlier works are heavy in tone and crude in colour, while in his later pictures he approached, in freedom of treatment and harmony of colour, the manner of his famous son. Works : Rocky Landscape, Conversation, Playing at Bowls, National Gallery, London ; C…
TERBURG (Ter Borah), GERARD, born at Zwolle, probably between 1613 and 1617, died at Deventer, Dec. 8, 1 6 8 1 . Dutch school; genre paint er ; received his first instruction from his father, Geert Terburg (1584-1662, who had studied in Rome), then formed himself in Amsterdam and especially in Haarlem, where he entered the guild in 1635, under the influence of Frans Hale, and through independent …
INN, THE (L'Estaminet), Jan Steen, Hague Museum ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 8 in. Twenty or more persons gathered in the tap-room of an inn, eating oysters, drinking, smoking, and playing trick-track. The upper part is covered with a large violet curtain, partly drawn up, beneath which is seen a balcony, and under that an elevated stage, on which a boy is lying down, blowing soap-bubbles. Som…
ROMBOUTS, THEODOOR, born in Antwerp, baptized July 2, 1597, died there, Sept. 14, 1637. Flemish school ; history and genre painter, pupil of Abraham Janssens ; went to Rome in 1616, whence he was invited to Florence by the Grand Duke of Tuscany, and then visited Pisa ; master of guild in Antwerp in 1625, and dean in 1628-30. In 1635 painted two large pictures of the Entrance of the Archduke Ferdin…
WEBER, THEODOR ALEXANDER, born in Leipsic, May 11, 1838. Marine and landscape painter, pupil in Berlin of Krause ; went in 1856 to Paris, where he studied under Isabey, and soon acquired great reputation ; went to London in 1870, and settled in Brussels in 1874. Member of Societas Artis et Amicitia3, Amsterdam, and other European art societies. Medals : Rouen, 1866 ; Havre, 1868 ; London, 1871 ; P…
BRONIKOFF, THEODOR, born at Schadrinsk, Siberia, in 1826. History and genre painter ; pupil of St. Petersburg Academy, where in 1853 he received the great gold medal ; then studied for five years in Germany, France, Italy, and the East. Studio in Rome. Works : Ptetus and Arria, Pythagoreans greeting Sunrise, Horace reading his Satires to Augustus, Alcibiades and Aspasia before the Archon, The Outc…
THEODORE, born at Rouen, Sept 26, 1791, died in Paris, Jan. 18, 1824. History and animal painter, pupil of Carle Vernet and of Guerin. In 1817, after serving in the army three years, he went to Italy and studied in Rome and Florence. His Raft of the Medusa (1819, Louvre) was loudly denounced by the critics on account of its bold realism ; but its exhibition in London brought the painter 20,000 fr…
HORSCHELT, THEODOR, born in Munich, March 16, 1829, died there, April 3, painted first hunting scenes and horses, visited Spain and Algiers in 1853, and in 1858 went to the Caucasus and took part in the Russian expedition. In 1863 returned to Munich via Moscow and St. Petersburg, and painted many military scenes in oils and water-colours. In 1870 he made sketches during the siege of Strasburg. Me…
GIDE, THEOPHME, born in Paris, March 15, 1822. History and genre painter, pupil of Delaroche and Cogniet. Usually paints scenes from life in Italian monasteries. Medals : 3d class, 1861 ; Medal, 1865, 1866 ; L. of Honour, 1866. Works : Condemnation of Cinq Mars (1855); Raising of Youth at Nain (1857); Sully leaving the Court of Louis XIII (1863), Angers Museum ; Farewell to the Convent (1864), Ami…
RICHARDS, THOMAS ADDISON, born in London, Dec. 3, 1820. Landscape paint er ; went, when a boy, to Georgia with his parents, and removed thence, in 1845, to New York, where he has since lived, with the exception of occasional trips to Europe. Pupil of National Academy in 1845-47 ; elected an A.N.A. in 1848, N.A. in 1851; has been corresponding secretary since 1852. He was the first director of the …
COUTURE, THOMAS, born at Senile (Oise), Dec. 21, 1815, died in Villiers le Bel (Seine-et-Oise), March 31, 18 7 9 . History and genre painter, pupil of Gros, and of Paul Delaroche. Although he won the 2d grand prix in 1837, and attracted attention by several able pictures in the course of the next decade, it was not until 1847 that Couture became celebrated by his Romans of the Decadence (Luxembou…
KEYSER, THOMAS DE, born in Amsterdam in 1596 or 1597, died there, buried Nov. 19, 1679. Dutch school, history, genre, and portrait painter ; his small pictures are very characteristic, but the large ones less original. His portraits, which are truthful, and of warm clear colouring, appear to have influenced Rembrandt when the latter came to Amsterdam in 1631. Works : Merchant and Clerk (1627), Nat…
BARKER, THOMAS JONES, born at Bath, England, in 1815, died March 28, 1882. Battle and portrait painter, son and pupil of Thomas Barker, landscape painter, and student in 1834 in Paris of Horace Vernet ; was a frequent exhibitor at the Salon from 1835 to 1845, and painted several pictures for Louis Philippe, notably The Death of Louis XIV., destroyed at Palais Royal in 1848. Returned about 1845 to …
MORAN, THOMAS, born in Bolton, Eng land, Jan. 12, 1837. Land scape painter, pupil of hi brother, Edward Moran. Came to America in 1844 In 1862 and 1868 studied and painted in England, and visited France ani' Italy. Accompanied Government expeditioi to the Yellowstone Na tional Park in 1871 ; later made sketching tours in the Western Territories and in Mexico. Elected an A.N.A. in 1882 ; N.A., 188…
THOMAS OF VILLANUEVA, ST., Murillo, Lord Ashburton, London ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 3 in. x 4 ft. 9 in. The saint, represented as a boy six or seven years old, is taking off his garments to supply the wants of four ragged boys ; background, a street with buildings and figures. Painted about 1678 for Convent of St. Augustine, Seville ; sold by Monks to the Prince of the Peace, who presented it to General…
ROSSITER, THOMAS P., born in New Haven, Conn., Sept. 29, 1818, died at Cold Spring, N. Y., May 17, 1871. History painter, pupil of Nathaniel Jocelyn ; went to Europe in 1840 and studied in London and Paris. In 1841-46 he painted in Rome, and sketched in Switzerland, Italy, and Germany ; visited Europe again in 1853, and painted three years in Paris. Professional life in the United States spent in …
SULLY, THOMAS, born at Horncastle, Lincolnshire, England, June 8, 1783, died in Philadelphia, Nov. 5, 1872. Portrait painter ; taken to Charleston, S. C., by his parents, who were comedians, in 1792 ; was first instructed by M. Belzons, a French miniature painter who had married his sister. In 1799 he joined his brother Laurence, a miniature painter, in Richmond, Va., and painted there and at Norf…
WYCK, THOMAS, born at Beverwyck in 1616, died in Haarlem, buried Aug. 19, 1677. Dutch school ; landscape, marine, and genre painter ; registered in the Haarlem guild in 1642, was its dean in 1660 ; studied chiefly in Italy, especially in the environs of Naples, where he made many sketches which he afterwards used for his coast views. Italian markets, charlatans, alchemists, etc., with palatial bui…
THREE AGES, Lorenzo Lotto, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; wood, H. 2 ft. x 2 ft. 6 in. Three figures, half-length, the middle one a youth in a black cap, with a sheet of music in his hand ; to right, a middle-aged bearded man ; to left, a bald-headed, gray-bearded man. Look like portraits ; handled with Giorgionesque skilL - C. & C., N. Italy, ii. 502 ; Gal. du Pal. Pitti, i. PL 47. By Titian, Bridgewa…
GRACES, THREE, Palma Vecchio, Dress-den Gallery; wood, H. 3 ft. 1 in. x 4 ft. 4 in. Three young women, half-length, grouped in a landscape. Sometimes called Pahna's daughters, but it is doubtful whether they were painted from three models or from one. In 1525 in collection of Taddeo Contarini, then in Giustiniani and Cornari families ; bought from the Procuratessa Corner? della Casa Grande for 600…
THUII.T.TFR PIERRE, born at Amiens, June 17, 1799, died there, Nov. 19, 1858. Landscape painter, pupil of Watelet and of Gudin, and a close student of nature. Medals : 3d class, 1835 ; 2d class, 1837 ; 1st class, 1839 ; L. of Honour, 1843. Works : Valley of the Drac, Ruins of Castle of Champ (1835), Amiens Museum ; Entrance to a Forest in the Ardennes (1836), Lyons Museum ; Rocks of Freilly (1836)…
THYS (Tyssens), PEETER, the elder, born in Antwerp in 1624, died there between June 2, 1677, and Feb. 14, 1679. Flemish school ; history and portrait painter, in manner of Van Dyck, pupil of A. Deurwaerder. Master of the guild in 1644-45, and dean in 1660. His historical pictures also show the influence of Gaspard de Craeyer. Was painter to the Emperor Leopold. Works : Apparition of Christ, Appari…
TIBERIO D' ASSISI, beginning of 16th century. Umbrian school ; probably pupil of Perugino, but not mentioned by Vasari. A painter of less power than Eusebio di San Giorgio. His best fresco, a Madonna, is in S. Martino, near Trevi. He painted also a Madonna and Saints (1510), in S. Francesco, Montefalco, and a Madonna with Angels and Saints, in S. Domenico, near Assisi. The latest date connected wi…
TIMANTHES, a celebrated Greek painter, contemporary and rival of Zeuxis and Parrhasius, native of Cythnus, about 400 a a. Pliny says (xxxv. 36 [74]) that his pictures suggested more than they actually expressed, and showed a genius even greater than the art with which they were painted. Five only of his works are known : The TIMANTHES Contest of Ajax and Ulysses for Arms of Achilles, with which he…
VITE, TIMOTEO, or Timoteo da Urbino, born in Ferrara in 1469, died in Urbino, Oct. 10, 1523. Umbrian school ; son of Bartolommeo di Pietro Vite. Brought up a goldsmith, but painted with Francia in Bologna in 1491-95, and settled as a master at Urbino. About 1519, or perhaps a little before, he became Raphael's assistant in Rome, remaining there until Raphael's death (1520), when he probably return…
TITIAN or TIZIANO, born at Pieve di Cadore in 1477, died in Venice, Aug. 27, 1576. Venetian school. Real name Tiziano in S. Nicco16, Treviso, and the Scuola di S. Rocco (1525), Venice ; a Madonna with Saints (1520), S. Domenico, Ancona ; Altarpiece of Brescia, in five compartments (1522), SS. Nazaro e Celso, Brescia ; Madonna di S. Niccolb (1523), Vatican Gallery, Rome ; and the Entombment, Louvre…
TOBIAS AND THE ANGEL, Murillo, William C. Cartwright, Aynhoe, Northamptonshire, England ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 9 in. x 3 ft. 7 in. The angel in a plum-coloured robe, Tobias in a yellowish cloak with a fish in his left hand, both bearing staves, walking in a rocky landscape beside a river ; a dog looks up at the angel. - Curtis, 124. by Antonio Pottajuolo, Turin Gallery ; H. 5 ft. 11 in. x 3 ft 10 in.…
VENUS, TOILET OF, Francesco Albani, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 7 in. x 8 ft. 3 in. Venus, seated in front of a Doric portico on the border of the sea, looking at herself in a mirror held by a cupid ; at left, three cupids near a table on which is a vase of flowers ; at right a fountain ; in back ground, a palace. Collection of Louis XIV. Engraved by Baudet ; B. Audran. - Villot, Cat. Louvre …
MASACCIO, TOMMASO, born at Castel San Giovanni di Valdarno, Dec. 21, 1401, died in Rome (?) about 1428. Florentine school ; real name Tolima-so di Giovanni di Simone Guidi, but called Masaccio (Careless Thomas) from his indifference to appearance ; perhaps studied under Masolino da Panicale. In 1421 he was enrolled in the guild of the Speziali (apothecaries) in Florence, and in 1422 in that of th…
TORE, born in Istria about 1450, died after 1522. Venetian school. It is conjectured that Carpaccio went to Constantinople with Gentile Bellini in 1479, and it is clear that the great painter's influence developed his style and affected his colour and drawing, but the first certain date connected with Carpaccio is 1490, when he began to paint the series of nine pictures illustrative of the life o…
TRANSFIGURATION (Matt., xvii. 1 ; Mark, ix. 2 ; Luke, ix. 28). By Giovanni Bellini, Naples Museum ; TRANSFIGURATION wood, H. 5 ft. 8 in. x 3 ft. 9 in. ; signed. Christ, between the prophets Moses and Elias, is rising from the ground ; below, the wonder-stricken apostles just roused from sleep. Painted about 1475-80 ; formerly in Farnese Collection, Parma. - C. & C., N. Italy, i. 159 ; Meyer, Kuns…
TrIALRS, painter, of Sicyon, mentioned by Diogenes Laertius (i. 38) as a man of noble birth. - R R, Schorn, 414 ; Sillig, 438. THANK, MORITZ VON, born at O'-Becse, Hungary, in 1828. History and portrait painter, pupil of Vienna Academy under FUhrich and Rahl, visited Belgium and Paris in 1855, then studied in Rome (185659) ; greatly influenced by Cornelius, Over-beck, Riepenhausen, and Wagner ; re…
TRIBUTE MONEY (Matt., =if. 19 ; Luke, xx. 24). By Rembrandt, Hope Collection, England ; canvas, H. 1 ft. 11 in. x 2 ft. 7 in. ; dated 1645. Interior of a temple ; in foreground twelve persons, among whom is a Pharisee showing Jesus a piece of money. Robit Collection (1801), 8,850 francs ; sold in 1840 for 600 guineas. Engraved by McArdell. - Vosmaer, 469 ; Smith, vii. 47. By Rubens, Mr. Emerson, E…
CESAR, TRIUMPH OF, Mantegna, Hampton Court ; tempera on twilled linen ; 9 pictures, each 9 ft. sq.; not properly cartoons, but intended to be stretched on frames and affixed to the wall as a frieze, in a continuous procession 81 ft. long, as now arranged. Represent a grand triumphal procession of Roman soldiers, captives, and spoils ; lastly Caesar in a splendid car, with a sceptre in his right ha…
DEATH, TRIUMPH OF, fresco, Campo Santo, Pisa, formerly attributed to Andrea Orcagna, now assigned by C. & C. to a painter of the Sienese school, perhaps Pietro Lorenzetti ; and by Milanesi to Bernardo Daddi. Foreground, in three groups. To left, the warning : Three kings on horseback, with attendants, check their horses before three open coffins containing the mouldering re? mains of dead kings ; …
GERMANICUS, TRIUMPH OF, Karl von Piloty, Munich Gallery ; canvas, H. 17 ft. 8 in. x 24 ft. 6 in. Triumphal entry into Rome accorded by Tiberius to Germanicus, A.D. 17, after his victory over the Germans on the Elbe, in which he recovered the eagles lost by Varna (Tac. An., ii. 41). Thusnelda, wife of Arminius, leading by the hand her little boy Thumelicus, walks in the procession, while Segestes, …
TRIUMPH OF THE CHURCH, Jan van Eyck, National Museum, Madrid ; wood, H. 5 ft. 6 in. (independent of central projection) x 5 ft. In three parts. In the upper part the Almighty, enthroned under a Gothic canopy, holds a sceptre in the left hand and raises the right in benediction ; on one side sits the Virgin reading, on the other St. John the Evangelist writing ; at the foot of the Almighty lies the…
UITEWAAL (Uytenwael, Wte Wael, Wttewael), JOACHIM, born at Utrecht in 1566, died there, Aug. 13, 1638. Dutch school ; history painter, pupil of his father Antonie Wttewael, and of Joost de Beer ; painted mythological subjects in the manner of Bartholomeus Spranger, and of Cornelis van Haarlem, but on account of the reduced scale more pleasing than either. At Padua he made the acquaintance of the B…
VAENIUS (Venius), OTHO, born at Leyden in 1558, died in Brussels, May 6, 1629. Flemish school. Real name Octavio van Veen. History and portrait painter, pupil at Leyden of Isack Claesz Swanenburg, called Nicolai, and at Liege (1572) of Lamp Leyden; went to Antwerp in 1593 ; master of the guild there in 1594, its dean in 1602-3; became court painter to Albrecht and Isabella, governors of the Nether…
VALCKENBORCH (Valkenburg), LUCAS VAN, born at Mechlin about 1530 or 1540, died in Germany about 1625. Flemish school ; landscape and portrait painter ; master of Mechlin guild in 1564 ; went in 1566 to Antwerp, where he seems to have studied under Pieter Brueghel, then with his brother Marten, and with Jan Frodeman de Vries to Aix-la-Chapelle and Liege, where they sketched many landscapes on the b…
VALEN CIENNES (Devallenciennes), PIERRE HENRI, born in Toulouse, Dec. 6, 1750, died in Paris, Feb. 16, 1819. History and landscape painter, pupil of Doyen. Studied Claude and Poussin in Italy. Style theatrical and wanting in nature. Nearly all the landscape painters during the Empire were his pupils. Member of Academy in VALENTINIAN rolling over Game of Dice, Herminia and the Shepherds, Old Pinako…
VEILLON, (LOUIS) AUGUSTE, born at Bex, Canton Wallis, Dec. 29, 1834. Landscape painter, pupil in Geneva of Diday, studied in Paris and Rome and travelled in Switzerland, Holland, and Egypt ; lived two years in Venice. Works : Lake of Brienz (1866), Berne Museum ; Evening in Venice, Basle Museum ; View at Brunnen, Zurich Museum ; Two Views on Lake Geneva ; Evening on Banks of the Nile ; Arabian Cam…
VENUS ANADYOMENE (Rising, i.e., from the sea). See Apelles ; also, Venus, Birth of. By Dominique Ingres, Due d'Aumale, Chateau de Chantilly. The goddess, yet humid with the sea water, in which she is standing, is twisting her blond locks while cupids play around her and caress her feet and limbs. Begun at Rome in 1808 ; finished in 1848 for Fred6ric Reiset, conservator of the Louvre. Engraved by …
VENUS AND ADONIS, Francesco Albani, Louvre ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 7 in. x 8 ft. 3 in. A cupid conducts Adonis, holding a dog in leash, to Venus, who lies asleep on cushions in the shadow of trees, watched by other cupids ; still others bathe in a river, and two in the air are supporting a large white veiL Collection of Louis XIV. Engraved by Baudet ; B. Audran. - Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Landon, Musee, 2…
VENUS AND CUPID, Lucas Cranach, the elder, Berlin Museum ; wood, H. 5 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. Venus, nude, walking to right ; near her, Cupid, complaining of being stung by bees (Theoc., Id., xix.). Another in Berlin Museum, Venus walking to left, with Cupid on a pedes/al. - Meyer, Museen, 101. By William Etty, Henry Bicknell, Cavendish House, Clapham Common, London ; canvas. Venus, nude, recumbent, wi…
VENUS AND 'VULCAN, Francesco Albani, Louvre ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 7 in. x 8 ft. 3 in. Venus lying on a couch, with Vulcan reclining at her feet ; two cupids present the goddess a buckler pierced with arrows ; at right, cupids forge and sharpen arrows, others make bows ; Diana, in the clouds, attended by two nymphs, holds a javelin. Collection of Louis XIV. Engraved by Baudet ; R Audran. - Villot, Cat…
VERMEER (van der Meer van Delft), JOHANNES, born at Delft, baptized Oct. 31, 1632, died there, buried Dec. 15, 1675. Dutch school ; portrait, genre, landscape, and still-life painter, pupil of Karel Fabritins, and further developed under the influence of Rembrandt. Master of the guild of Delft in 1653, and was its dean in 166263 and 1670-71. One of the greatest colourists, excelling in admirable l…
VERNET, (CLAUDE) JOSEPH, born at Avignon, Aug. 14, 1712, died in Paris, Dec. 23, 1789. French school; marine painter, son and pupil of Antoine Vernet (1689? 1 7 5 3, decorative painter), and pupil of Adrien Mang-lard ; went to Rome in 1732 and studied with Fergioni, Panini, and Solimena. He became the first marine painter in Europe, and was patronized by many courts. After an absence of twenty y…
COLE, VICAT, born at Portsmouth, England, in 1833. Landscape painter, son and pupil of George Cole ; exhibited first picture at British Institution in 1851, and at Royal Academy in 1854 ; elected an A.RA. in 1870, and RA. in 1880. Works : Under Works : Surrey Harvest (1864); Pride and Humility ; Loch Lubnaig ; Gunnard's Head - Cornwall (1870) ; River Scene - Sussex (1874) ; Wheat Harvest - Hampsh…
JOAN ES, VICENTE, born in Fuente de la Higuera, Valencia, in 1523-24, died in Bocairente, Dec. 21, 1579. History and portrait painter ; real name Vicente Juan Macip ; called also Juan de Juanes. Studied in Rome, probably under the disciples of Raphael, of whose style he was one of the ablest imitators. Painted chiefly religious compositions, but was famous for his por traits. On his return from It…
ZIER, VICTOR CASIMIR, born at Warsaw, Sept. 26, 1822. History and portrait painter, pupil of Norblin and Leon Cogniet in Paris, whither he went as early as 1825. With Norblin he decorated in 1858 the Chapel of St. Susanna in St. Roch's, Paris. Works : Magdalen Penitent (1844) ; Faith, Daniel in Lions' Den (1846) ; St. Genevieve Lyons Museum ; Charles V. having prepared his Funeral receives a Portr…
VICTORS (Victoor, Fictoor), JAN, Dutch school, born about 1620, died at Amsterdam after December, 1672. History, genre, portrait, and landscape painter, pupil of Rembrandt, probably about 1635-40 ; in his biblical scenes adhered closely to the manner of his master. Works : Tobias blessing his Son, Bridgewater Gallery, London ; Isaac blessing Jacob, Girl at Casement (1640), Louvre ; Village Wedding…
COURDOUAN, VINCENT (JOSEPH FRANcOIS), born in Toulon, March 6, 1810. Landscape and marine painter, pupil of Paulin Guerin. Medals : 3d class, 1838 and 1844 ; 2d class, 1847 ; L. of Honour, 1852. Appointed professor of design at the Naval School in Toulon in 1848. Works : Castle of Napoule, View of Bagnols, Gorges of 011ioules, Coast of Provence, Arrival of Bey of Tunis at Toulon, Port of Algiers, …
VIDAL, VINCENT, born at Carcassonne (Aude), Jan. 20, 1811. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Paul Delaroche. Paints both in oil and water-colour. Medals : 3d class, 1844 ; 2d class, 1849 ; L. of Honour, 1852. Works : Frasquita, N6edjm6, Noemi, Little Tony (1844) ; Oracle of the Fields, Inquisitive Little Girl, Self-Love, Fatinitza (1845) ; Season for Roses, Satisfaction, Woman Listening (1846) …
CAMUCCINI, VINCENZO, Cavaliere, born in Rome in 1773-75, died there, Sept. 2. 1844. Italian school ; history and portrait painter ; pupil of his brother Pietro, a picture restorer, and of Bombelli the engraver, but formed himself chiefly by copying the old masters. Stimulated by the arrival of David at Rome, he painted, in the classic manner, a series of pictures illustrative of Roman history, as …
CARDUCHO, VINCENZO, born in Florence in 1578 (?), died in Madrid in 1638. Spanish school ; went to Spain in 1585, with his elder brother, Bartolommeo, who instructed him in painting. Succeeded his brother as painter to Philip III., and finished the frescos begun by him in the Pardo. Was also painter to Philip IV. In 1626-32 he painted fifty-four pictures for the Carthusians of El Paular ; twenty-s…
CATENA, VINCENZO, born at Treviso about 1465, died in Venice, 1531. Venetian school ; real name, Vincenzo di Biagio ; known in 1495, when a journeyman in the Sala del Gran Consiglio, Venice, as Vincenzo da Treviso. A pupil of the Bellini, he copied Giovanni Bellini, without approaching him in drawing, boldness of treatment, or richness of colouring ; but he was a painter of great industry and cons…
VINCK-BOONS (Vinckeboons), DAVID, born at Mechlin in 1578, died in Amsterdam in 1629. Dutch school ; history, genre, and landscape painter, son and pupil of Philip Vinck-Boons (received into the Antwerp guild in 1580, and died in Amsterdam in 1601) ; lived some time in Antwerp, but most of his life in Amsterdam ; painted chiefly on a small scale. Rottenhammer often supplied the figures in his land…
EZEKIEL, VISION OF, Raphael, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; wood, H. 1 ft. 4 in. x 1 ft. Jehovah, in a glory of light and of seraphim, seated like Olympian Jove upon an eagle, the symbol of St. John, with a winged lion and bull, symbols of SS. Mark and Luke, beneath him, and the angel, symbolic of St. Matthew, beside him, extends his arms, upheld by two angels, to bless the world, seen at an immeasura…
VISITATION, Mariotto Florence ; wood, small figures ; dated 1503. Visit of Mary to Elizabeth (Luke i. 39). The Virgin and Elizabeth meet under a deeVISITATION in 1786 from the Florence Academy to the Uffizi. Albertinelli's masterpiece. The group is felicitous, the draperies are worthy of Fm Bartolommeo, and the low-keyed tone of colour is heightened by glazes applied with consummate skill. Engra…
PISANO, VITTORE, born at S. Vigilio, on the Lago di Garda, about 1380 (?), died in March, 1456. Venetian school (of Verona) ; sometimes called Pisanello. Vasari says he was the pupil of Andrea del Castagno in Florence, but the statement is doubtful. Wherever he was educated, he appears to have settled early at Verona. Between 1417-22 he painted the story of Otho, a fresco in the Sala del Gran Cons…
VOGEL VON VOGELSTEIN, KARL, born at Wildenfels, Saxony, June 26,1788, died in Munich, March 4, 1868. History and portrait painter, son and pupil of Christian Lebrecht Vogel (1759-1816), and pupil of Dresden Academy ; went in 1807 to Memel, Dorpert, and St. Petersburg, where he painted many portraits, and in 1813 to Italy, where he studied and copied after the old masters ; in 1820 he became profes…
TROY, WAR OF, Peter Cornelius and assistants, Glyptothek, Munich ; frescos on ceiling and walls of the Trojan Hall (Trojanischer Saal). Ceiling : Centre picture, circular, Marriage of Peking and Thetis, painted by Schlotthauer ; around this, in a circle, are stucco reliefs, by Schwanthaler, of the twelve great gods and goddesses of Greece. Beyond these are four pictures of similar shape and size :…
ALLSTON, WASHINGTON, born at Waccamaw, South Carolina, Nov. 5, 1779, died at Cambridgeport, Massachusetts, July 9, 1843. History and portrait painter, pupil in miniature painting of Edward Malbone was graduated at Harvard College in painted irregularly and produced but few other pictures comparable to his early performances. In 1830 he married again and removed to Cambridgeport, where he resided t…
WEENIX (Weeninckx), JAN BAPTISTA, born in Amsterdam in 1621, died at Huis ter Mey, near Utrecht, before Oct. 31, 1664. Dutch school ; genre, landscape, and animal painter, pupil of Jan Micker, then of Abraham Bloemart in Utrecht, and of Nicolaas Moeyaert, whom he closely imitated ; went to Rome in 1643, and was employed by Cardinal Pamfili, afterwards Pope Innocent X. After his return in 1647 he l…
CAMPHAUSEN, WILHELM, born in Dusseldorf, Feb. 8, 1818, died there, June 18, 1885. History and genre painter, pupil of Dusseldorf Academy under Bethel, Sohn, and Schad-ow ; one of the foremost painters of battles and military life. In 1843-45 he visited Holland, Belgium, Switzerland, and North Italy, made a long tour through Germany, and then painted in Dusseldorf mostly subjects from the Thirty Y…
GENTZ, WILHELM, born at Neu-Ruppin, Dec. 9, 1822. History and genre painter, pupil in Berlin of Mater, then in 1845 of the Antwerp Academy, and in 1846-52 in Paris under Gleyre and Couture ; travelled in the East and throughout Europe. Member of and professor at Berlin Academy. Great gold medal in Berlin (1876), medals in Vienna (1873) and Munich (1876). Works : Christ and Magdalen at Simeon's, Pr…
LINDENSCHMIT, WIL HELM, the younger, born in Munich, June 20, 1829. History painter, son of Wilhelm, the elder, pupil of Munich Academy, then of Stiidel Institute in Frankfort, and of Antwerp Academy ; continued his studies in Paris, and in 1853 settled in Frankfort ; removed in 1863 to Munich, where he became professor at the Academy (1875). Member of Berlin Academy. Gold medal, Berlin, 1870. In …
STRYOWSKI, 'WILHELM, born in Dantzic in 1834. Genre painter, pupil of Schadow in Dusseldorf. After visiting Galicia, Holland, and Paris, settled in Dantzic. Medal in 1864. Works : Washerwomen surprised by Rain (1854) ; Sunday Afternoon in the Country (1856) ; Polish Sailors before the Evening Fire ; Boatmen Resting (1860) ; Little Wire-Worker ; Dancing Cossack (1861) ; Skaters ; Polish Jews in Syn…
TISCHBEIN, WILHELM, born at Hayna, Feb. 15, 1751, died at Eutin, June 26, 1829. History, portrait, and landscape painter, nephew and pupil in Cassel of Johann Heinrich Tischbein the elder ; went in 1766 to Hamburg, where be restored old pictures, copied after Berchem and Wouwerman with great truthfulness, and then devoted himself to portrait painting ; in 1771-73 studied in Holland after the old m…
KAULBACH, WILHELM VON, born at Arolsen, Oct. 15, 1805, died in Munich, April 7, 1874. History painter, pupil of Dusseldorf Academy under Cornelius, whom he followed in 1825 to Munich and continued his studies in the Academy there. Though occupied from 1826 with several great decorative compositions in the Palace, the Od6on, and the Hofgarten, Munich, he did not really learn to paint until he went…
KOBELL, WILHELM VON, born in Mannheim, April 6, 1766, died in Munich, July 15, 1855. Landscape and battle painter, son and pupil of Ferdinand Kobell, studied afterwards in the Mannheim and Dusseldorf Galleries, especially after Wouwerman ; went to Rome in 1778, became professor at the Munich Academy in 1808, and visited Vienna and Paris in 1809-10, to make studies for his battle-pieces, which, con…
WILKIE, Sir DAVID, born at Cults, Fifeshire, Nov. 18, 1785, died in Bay of Gibraltar, June 1, 1841. Studied in Trustees' Academy, Edinburgh, from 1799 to 1804, and on his return to Cults painted, besides portraits, Pitlessie Fair (1804), and the ViaWILLAERTS In 1840 he went to the East for his health, but grew worse in the following year, and dying on shipboard in Gibraltar Bay he was buried at se…
KATY, WILLEM, born in Amsterdam before 1630, died there, July 31, 1693. Dutch school ; still-life painter, pupil of Hendrik Pot ; painted fruits, flowers, a n d vessels most truthfully and with fine colouring. Excellent arrangement of subjects is pleasing ; great success in rendering the lustre of metal, crystal, and mother-of-pearl Occasionally painted genre subjects, especially kitchen scenes. …
BRADFORD, WILLIAM, born at New Bedford, Mass., about 1830. Marine painter ; self-taught, but influenced by Van Beest, whose studio at Fairhaven he shared for two years. Began by painting ships in the harbour at Lynn, Mass., and on the coasts of Labrador and Nova Scotia ; afterwards made several Arctic expeditions with Dr. Hayes, the explorer, and others, to study icebergs and ice-floes, and from t…
DYCE, WILLIAM, born at Aberdeen in 1806, died at Streatham, Feb. 15, 1864. Son of a physician and graduate of Marischal College ; in 1823 entered schools of Royal Scottish Academy, and afterwards studied in Rome and Florence. In 1827 exhibited at Royal Academy his Bacchus nursed by the Nymphs. After his second visit to Italy, settled in Edinburgh in 1830, and won success as a painter of portraits …
ETTY, WILLIAM, born in York, March became a student at the Royal Academy, and in 1808 of Sir Thomas Lawrence. He was long unsuccessful, but by persevering drudgery at last won his reward ; in 1811 his Telemachus rescuing Antiope was hung in the Royal Academy, and in 1820 his Coral Finders, and in 1821 his Cleopatra on the Cydnus, brought him fame. In 1822 he visited Italy and became an honorary m…
HILTON, WILLIAM, born at Lincoln, June 3, 1786, died in London, Dec. 30, 1839. Son and pupil of William Hilton, portrait painter (died 1822) ; also studied with Raphael Smith, mezzotint engraver, and in 1806 in school of Royal Academy. Became an exhibitor in 1803, A.R.A. in 1813, R.A. in 1819, and keeper in 1827. He won distinction as a subject painter, his works being marked by refined taste in d…
HUNT, WILLIAM HOLMAN, born in London, April, 1827 Pupil of John Varle3 and in 1845 of th Royal Academy where he exhibit& his first picture, Hark in 1846. In 1849 he took his stand with Millais and others of the so-called P r e - Raphaelites, and ha since been one of the most earnest apostles of that school of painting. In 1854-55 he visited Egypt and Syria, and has since spent much time in the Ea…
MULREADY, WILLIAM, born at Ennis, County Clare, Ireland, April 30, 1786, died in London, July 7, 1863. Son of a leatherbreeches-maker, who removed to London, where, when fifteei years old, William entered the schools of the Royal Academy ; exhibited first in 1803, became an A.R.A. in 1815, and RA. in 1816. He began by painting landscapes, but soon turned his attention to subject-painting, and by …
HASELTINE, WILLIAM STANLEY, born in Philadelphia ; contemporary. Landscape painter, pupil of Weber in Philadelphia ; also studied in Dasseldorf. Lived and painted for many years in Venice and Rome. Elected N.A. in New York in 1861, but rarely exhibits. Works : Castle Rock -Nahant, Calm Sea, Indian Rock-Nahant, John Taylor Johnston Collection, New York ; Ostia, J. P. Morgan, ib.; Coast of Capri, M.…
WATSON, WILLIAM SWFILLTP., born in Edinburgh in 1796, died there, November, 1874. Portrait painter, son and pupil of George Watson ; studied also in the Trustees' Academy, Edinburgh, in the Royal Academy, London, and under Sir David Wilkie, whom he assisted in the Penny Wedding and other works. He was one of the original members of the Royal Scottish Academy. Work : The Student, National Gallery, …
RICHARDS, WILLIAM TROST, born in Philad elphia, Pa., Nov. 14, 1833. Landscape and marine painter, pupil of Paul Weber, a German artist in Philadelphia. In 1855 visited Florence, in 1866-67 France and Germany, and in 1878 -79-80 London and the coast of England. Exhibited at Royal Academy, London, in 1869 and 1878-81; Paris Salon, 1873. Honorary member of National Academy. Medals : Philadelphia, 18…
WINDSOR BEAUTIES, Sir Peter Lely, Hampton Court Palace, England ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 1 in. x 3 ft. 4 in. each. Portraits of beauties of the Court of Charles II., so called because they were formerly hung in the queen's bedchamber at Windsor Castle. All of them are three-quarters lengths, in landscapes, and all of one type - bare-headed, with hair arranged in coquettish curls on the forehead, short s…
RIEFSTAHL, WI?HELM, born at Neu strelitz, Mecklenburg, Aug. 15, 1827. Landscape and figure painter, pupil of Berlin Academy under F. W. Schirmer ; st udi e d nature on Isle of Rngen, afterwards visited Middle Germany, the banks of the Rhine, Tyrol, Switzerland, and Rome (1869); was professor at the Carlsruhe Art School in 1870-73, and director in 1875-77 ; settled in Munich in 1878. Excels in har…
WOLGEMUTH (Wohlgemuth, Wolgemut), MICHAEL, born in Nuremberg in 1434, died there, Nov. 30, 1519. German school ; history and portrait painter. After receiving instruction in art, probably from his father, he, like other apprentices, spent WOLGEMUTII on the Cross, Coronation of the Virgin, Pieta, last three with portraits of donors, Aschaffenburg Gallery ; Death of the Virgin, Cologne Museum ; four…
ZEGERS (Seghers), GEERAARD, born in Antwerp, baptized March 17, 1591, died there, March 18, 1651. Flemish school ; history and genre painter. Said to have studied under Hendrik van Balen and Abraham Janssens ; master of the guild in 1609. Really formed himself in Rome, where he was sent by two rich merchants, Goetbenck, and studied particularly the works of Caravaggio and Manfredi. For a time empl…
ZEUXIS, one of the most famous of Greek painters, native of Herachea (probably the Pontic), latter part of 5th century B.c. Ionic school. Called Zeuxippus by Socrates in the Protagoras of Plato (Brunn, ii. p. 77). It is uncertain whether his master was Demophilus of Himera or Neseas of Thasos, but he probably owed more to Apollodorus, who was at the height of his reputation when Zeuxis went to Ath…
ZUCCHERO (Zuccaro) FEDE RIG 0, born in S. Agnolo in Vado, 'Urbino, in 1543, died at Ancona in 1609. Roman school. Brother of Taddeo Zucchero, in whose studio he laboured many years as pupil and assistant. Taddeo, al though his brother was very useful to him, aided him to get commissions of his own. Among other works, Federigo painted the Grimani Chapel, in S. Francesco della Vigna, Venice, which…