DESHAYS, JEAN BAPTISTE, born in Rouen in 1729, died in Paris in 1765. French school ; history painter, first instructed by his father, and then in Paris by Boucher, whose daughter he married. In Italy he was led to imitate Benedetto Castiglione. seum. - Ch. Blanc, licola frangaise ; Gaz. des B. Arts (1868), xxiv. 258. cols, born at Champign eul, Feb. 24, 1661, died in Paris, April 15, 1743. French…
GREUZE, JEAN BAPTISTE, born at Tourn us (Saon eet-Loire), Aug. 21, 1725, died in Paris, March 21,1805. French school ; genre and portrait painter, pupil in Lyons of Gran-don, and in Paris of the Academy in 1755. His picture of the Father reading the Bible to his Children was exhibited and greatly admired in the same year, at the close of which he was taken to Italy by the Abbe Goujenot. After his…
HUET, JEAN BAPTISTE, born in Paris, Oct. 15, 1745, died there, Aug. 27, 1811. Landscape and animal painter, pupil of Dagommier, Boucher, and Leprince. H i s paintings of animals are of great merit. Member of the Academy in 1769. Works : Dog Attacking Geese, Caravan, Fox in Chicken-Yard (1769) ; Wolf pierced with Lance, Farmer's Wife (1771); Europe, Asia, Fidelity tearing the Bonds of Love, Mornin…
REGNAULT, JEAN BAPTISTE, Baron, born in Paris, Oct. 19, 1754, died there, Nov. 12, 1829. Genre painter, pupil of Bardin at Rome in 1769 ; returned to Paris, won the 2d prix in 1775 and the grand prix de Rome in 1776, with his Alexander and Diogenes. Member French Academy, 1 78 3 ; professor in 1795 ; received the title of baron in 1819. His school was for a time the rival of that of David. Among …
CHARDIN, JEAN BAPTISTE SIMEON, born in Paris, Nov. 2, 1699, died there, Dec. 6, 1779. French school ; Genre, interiors, and still-life painter ; pupil of Cues, and of Nod Nicolas Coypel, who employed him to paint accessories and led him to adopt the style in which he was destined to excel. First attracted attention by a barber's sign, then in 1728 by La Raie (Louvre); never been excelled. In 1737 …
EYCKEN, JEAN BAPTISTE VAN, born in Brussels, Sept. 16, 1809, died at Schaerbeck-les-Bruxelles Dec. 19, 1853. History and genre painter, pupil at the Brussels Academy of Navez ; obtained the great prize in 1835, visited France and Italy in 1837-39, and soon after his return took rank with the foremost artists of his native country. His works in the chapel of Notre Dame in Brussels were the first ex…
LANGLOIS, JEAN CHARLES, born at Beaumont-en-Auge (Calvados), July 22, 1789, died in Paris, March 24, 1870. Battle painter, pupil of Girodet, Gros, and Horace Vernet. Became a colonel in the army in 1849. Medals : 2d class, 1822 ; 1st class, 1834 ; L. of Honour, 1814 ; Officer, 1832 ; Commander, 1860. Works : Battle of Larsobispo ; Capture of the Great Redoubt of Moskowa ; Passage of the Lech in 17…
LIOTARD, JEAN ETEENNE, born at ly rewarded by the Empress Maria Theresa for her and her family's portraits, and thence to France and England. In 1772 he visited London again, to remain two years, carrying with him a precious collection of paintings by famous masters, which he sold successfully. His portraits in pastel are especially remarkable, and preserve to this day their brightness of colour.…
GIGOUX, JEAN FRANcOIS, born in Besancon, Jan. 8, 1806. History and genre painter, pupil of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. A skilful painter, and a good lithographer. Medals : 2d class, 1833 ; 1st class, 1835 and 1848 ; L. of Honour, 1842 ; officer, 1880. Works : Henry IV. writing Verses in the Missal of Gabrielle d'Estrees (1833) ; Mme. Dubarry Dressing ; A Good Adventure ; Count Comminges recognized b…
HAMILTON, JEAN GEORGE DE, born at Brussels in 1666 or 1672, died in Vienna in 1740 (?). Animal and still-life painter, son and pupil of James (Scotch painter of fruit and still life) ; painted many years in Brussels, then joined his brother Philip in Vienna ; later lived at the court of Berlin, but returned to Vienna after the death of Friedrich I. of Prussia, and became court-painter. He painted …
LFBARBIER, JEAN JACQUES FRANgois, born at Rouen, Nov. 11, 1738, died in Paris, May 7, 1826. French school ; history painter and illustrator ; won first prize of the Rouen Academy in 1756 and 1758 ; went to Paris, where he studied under Pierre, and after a journey to Rome was received into the Academy in 1785. Made illustrations for works of Ovid, Racine, Rousseau, Delille, and others. Medal, 1st c…
BELLEL, JEAN JOSEPH, born in Paris, Jan. 26, 1810. Landscape painter ; pupil of Ouvrie ; sent his first picture to the Salon of 1836. In 1856 he visited Algeria, and has drawn many of his subjects from there. He is noted for his charcoal drawings. Medal, 1st class, 1848 ; L of Honour, 1860. Works : View of the Close of St. Mark in Rouen (1836); Christ and the Samaritan Woman, Environs of Clermont,…
JOUVENET, JEAN, born at Rouen, April, 1644, died in Paris, April 5, 1717. French school ; history painter, son and pupil of Laurent Jouvenet (1609-81), completed his education in Paris, where he was sent at seventeen, and took Poussin for his model. His picture of Moses striking the Rock won for him the favour and good offices of Lebrun. He became a member of the Academy in 1675, professor in 1681…
MARNE, JEAN LOUIS DE, called Demarnette, born in Brussels, baptized Jan. 22, 1754, died at Batignolles, Paris, March 24, 1829. Genre and landscape painter, pupil in Paris of Gabriel Briard (1725-77). He conceived a great liking for Dutch masters, and evidently took Karel Dujardin, Berchem, Potter, and Wouwerman, for his models. Medal, 1st class, 1806, 1819 ; L. of Honour, 1828. Works : Road with D…
NATTIER, JEAN MARC, born in Paris, March 17, 1685, died there, Nov. 7, 1766. French school ; history and portrait painter, son and pupil of Marc Nattier (1642-1705). Won the first prize of the Academy in 1700. Was employed to copy the Rubens pictures in the Luxembourg to be engraved. Member Academy in 1718, adjunct professor in 1746, and professor in 1752. In 1715 he painted, at Amsterdam, Peter t…
CLAUDE, JEAN MAXIMS, born in Paris, June 24, 1824. Landscape painter, and painter of sporting and bunting scenes ; pupil of Galland. Medals : 1866 and 1869 ; 2d class, 1872. Works : Rendezvous, Retreat (1861); Halloing at the Ponds of Comielles, Bloodhounds in their Kennel the Day "Libor Veritatis," a collection of 200 drawings, owned by the Duke of Devonshire, was begun about 1634, and finished M…
CHACATON, JEAN NICOLAS HENRI DE, born at Chezy (Allier), July 13, 1813. French school ; landscape painter, pupil of Ingres, Hersent, and Marilhat. Has never been a popular painter, and has not exhibited in the Salon since 1857. Has travelled in Italy, the East, and Spain, taking his subjects from those countries. Medals: 3d class, 1838 ; 2d class, 1844 and 1848. Works: Prisoner of Chillon (1835); …
FLANDRIN, JEAN PAUL, born in Lyons, May 8, 1811. Landscape painter, brother of Hippolyte, pupil of Ingres. Medals : 2d class, 1839 ; 1st class, 1847 ; 2d class, 1848 ; L. of Honour, 1852. Works : Exile's Farewell (1839); Shepherds' Brawl, Lioness Hunting (1847); Penitents of the Roman Campagna (1840); Solitude, Sabine Mountains (1852), Luxembourg Museum ; Nymph's Grotto, Gorge of Atlas, The Archer…
PETITOT, JEAN, born at Geneva, July 12, 1607, died at Vevay in 1691. French school ; portrait painter in enamel of great renown, supposed to have gone to Paris at an early age, and about 1634 to London, where the king's physician, Sir Theodore de Mayerne, an excellent chemist, communicated his discoveries in the treatment of enamels to Petitot, and introduced him to Charles I., who took him into h…
SAINT-OURS, JEAN PIERRE, born at Geneva in 1752, died there in 1809. Genre painter, pupil of Vien in Paris, whither he went in 1768 ; won prizes in 1772, 1774, and 1778, and the grand prix de Rome in 1780 ; after finishing his course at Rome, studied also in Venice. Works : The Olympic Games, Scene in Earthquake in Calabria, Colossal Head Studies, Life-size Academy, Allegory on the Republic of Gen…
RESTOUT, JEAN, the younger, born at Rouen, March 26, 1692, died in Paris, Jan. 1, 1768. French school ; history painter, son of Jean Restout, the elder (1663-1702), pupil of his uncle, Jean Jouvenet. In 1717 he won the grand prix de Rome and was ac also associate of the Academies of Rouen and Caen. Works : Venus asking Vulcan for Arms for /Eneas (1717); Ananias laying Hands on St. Paul (1718), Lo…
ADAM, JEAN VICTOR, born in Paris, Jan. 28, 1801, died in Viroflay, Jan. 1, 1867. Military and genre painter, pupil of Meynier and Regnault. After 1840 chiefly occupied himself with designs for lithographic albums. Works : Entry of the French into Mentz, Battles of Castiglione, Neuwied, Montebello, By A. Ditrer, Palazzo Pitti, Florence; wood, diptych ; each panel, H. 6 ft. 10 in. x 2 ft. 8 in. Figu…
SCHNETZ, JEAN VICTOR, born in Versailles, May 15, 1788, died in Paris, March 15, 1870. History and genre painter, pupil of David, later of Regnault, Gros, and Gerard. Early abandoned the classical school, and going to Italy after 1824 painted scenes from the life of the people with much success. Member of Institute, 1837 ; appointed director of the French Academy in Rome in 1840 ; lived in Paris i…
SANDRART, JOACHIM VON, born in Frankfort, May 12, 1606, died in Nuremberg, Oct. 14, 1688. German school, history and portrait painter. He went to Prague, in 1621, to study engraving under Sadeler, but advised by the latter to devote himself to painting, he repaired to Utrecht and became pupil of Gerard Honthorst, who took him to England. There he saw great works by Titian, and after having painte…
JOANNA OF ARAGON, portrait, Raphael, Louvre ; wood, transferred to canvas, H. 4 ft. x 3 ft. 3 in. Daughter of Ferdinand of Aragon, Duke of Montalto, and granddaughter of Ferdinand I., King of Naples, married to Ascanio Colonna, Prince of Tagliacozzo ; one of the most famous wits and beauties of the sixteenth century. Seated in a magnificent saloon, in a red 'velvet dress, with sleeves of yellow si…
MAISIAT, JOANNY, born at Lyons, May 5, 1824. Fruit and flower painter, pupil of the Lyons Art School, and of Henri Lehmann. Medals : 1864 and 1867 ; 2d class, 1872. Works : Sweet-brier in Spring (1863), Valenciennes Museum ; Gathered Fruits (1864) ; Bouquet of Moss Roses (1867) ; Border of Path on a Hill in Toumine (1867), Flowers and Fruits (1868), Luxembourg Museum ; The First Flowers ; Fruits o…
KLEIN, JOHANN ADAM, born in Nuremberg, Nov. 24, 1792, died in Munich, May 21, 1875. Genre, landscape, and ani mal painter, studied first in Nuremberg under J. Caspar van Bemmel and A. Gabler, then from 1811 at the Vienna Academy ; after living in Frankfort, Vienna, Rome, Naples, and Nuremberg, settled in Munich in 1837. His compositions are full of life and variety. Member of Munich Academy in 186…
LASINSKY, JOHANN ADOLF, born at Simmern, near Coblentz, Oct. 16, 1808, died in Dusseldorf, Sept. 6, 1871. Landscape painter, pupil from 1827 of the Dusseldorf Academy, where, with Leasing and Schirmer, he was among the first to cultivate landscape independently and to obtain recognition for this branch of art. Settled in Coblentz in 1837 ; moved afterwards to Cologne, and from 1850 lived again in …
NAHL, JOHANN AUGUST, the younger, born at Clanne, near Berne, Jan. 7, 1752, died in Cassel, Jan. 31, 1825. History and landscape painter, son of sculptor of same came ; pupil at Cassel of Heinrich Tischbein, the elder, at Strassburg of Tannesch and Bemmel, and in Paris of Le Sueur ; went in 1774 to Rome, where for several years he studied after the antique, then copied Raphael and Guido Reni, and,…
LAMPI, JOHANN BAPTIST, Ritter von, the elder, born at Romeno, Tyrol, Dec. 31, 1751, died in Vienna, Feb. 11, 1830. Portrait painter, first instructed by his father, a village painter, then from 1768 pupil of Unterberg,er in Salzburg, and from 1771 of Lorenzi in Verona, where he became a member of the Academy. After his return home settled in Trent, became renowned for his portraits, was called to …
LINGELBACH, JOHANNES, born in Frank fort-onthe-Main in Oct., 1622, died in Amsterdam in Nov., 1674. Dutch school ; painted Italian seaports, landscapes, hunts, and fairs. Went to Amsterdam in 1637, was in Paris in 1642, then returned to Frankfort, and in 1644 went to Rome, where he remained till 1652, when he returned through Germany to Amsterdam. His style was influenced by Wynants, to whose pic…
HIL'IENSPERGER, JOHANN GEORG, born at Haldenwang, Bavaria, Feb. 22, 1806. History painter, pupil of Munich Academy under Peter von Langer, then of Dusseldorf Academy under Cornelius, with whom, in 1825, he returned to Munich. King Louis soon after sent him to Naples and Pompeii, to study antique painting, and after his return he executed a large number of decorative works in the Konigsbau. In 1846…
GEYER, JOHANN, born at Augsburg, Jan. 1, 1807, died there, Nov. 26, 1875. Genre painter, pupil of Augsburg art-school and of Munich Academy under Clemens Zimmermann ; visited France and Belgium, and was from 1833 until 1865 professor at the Polytechnic School in Augsburg. Treated rococo genre scenes with exquisite humour, and represented stuffs, especially satin, with great skill. Works : Consiliu…
ROOS, JOHANN HEINRICH, born at Ottendorf, Palatinate, Oct. 27, 1631, died in Frankfort, Oct. 3, 1685. German school ; landscape and animal painter, pupil in Amsterdam of Juliaan du Jardin (1647), and of Bar-end Graat. Having visited Italy, France, and England in 165054, he settled in Frankfort about 1657 ; lived also in Cassel and Mentz, and became court painter to the Elector Palatine Charles Lo…
TISCHBEIN, JOHANN HEINRICH, the elder, born at Hayna, Hesse-Cassel, Oct. 3, 1722, died in Cassel, Aug. 22, 1789. History and portrait painter, first instructed by the court painter, Freese, in Cassel ; went to Paris in 1743 and studied five years under Carle van Loo, but was also greatly influenced by Boucher and Watteau. In 1748 he went to Venice, where he studied under Piazzetta, and after visit…
MEYER, JOHANN HENDRIK LOUIS, born in Amsterdam in 1809, died at Utrecht, April 3, 1866. Marine painter, pupil of Westenberg and Pieneman ; painted landscapes in France in 1827-31 ; lived at Deventer, Holland, in 1833-39 ; removed in 1841 to Paris, where after 1842 he exhibited numerous works. Medals : Paris, 1842, 1844, 1855 ; Angers, 1842 ; Boulogne, 1844 ; Brussels, 1851 ; L. of Honour, Order of…
DORNER, JOHANN JAKOB, the elder, born at Ehrenstetten, Breisgau, in 1741, died in Munich, May 22, 1813. German school ; history and genre painter, pupil in Freiburg of Misch, and from 1759 in Augsburg, of Ignaz Bauer ; visited North Italy and went to Munich, where, in 1762, ho became court painter, and, after a visit to the Netherlands and Paris, in 1766-68, inspector, and in 1777 director of the …
LOTH, JOHANN KARL, called Carlotto, and Carlo Lotti, born in Munich in 1632, died in Venice, Oct. 6, 1698. Venetian school ; history painter, son and pupil of Johann Ulrich Loth (15901662, by whom are several pictures in the Augsburg Gal ranked among the best masters ; thought by some to be a pupil of Pietro Liberi ; influenced by the works of Caravaggio, although his colouring is often sombre. He…
SEEKATZ, JOHANN KONRAD, born at Grfinstadt, Palatinate, in 1719, died at Darmstadt in 1768. German school ; genre painter, pupil of an elder brother and of Brinkmann. Became court painter in Darmstadt in 1753. Works : Tinker's Family, Suermondt Museum, Aix-la-Chapelle ; The Rat-Catcher, Basle Museum ; Landscape with Peasants at Meal, Christiania Gallery ; Flight into Egypt, Four Scenes in Life of …
ACHEN, JOHANN or HANS VON, born in Cologne in 1562, died in Prague, Jan. 6, 1615. History and portrait painter, German school ; pupil of C. Jerrigh in Cologne and of Kaspar Rems in Venice ; studied Michelangelo and Tintoretto in Italy, and returned home in 1588. In 1590 he was called to Munich by Duke William V., became painter to the Emperor Rudolph IL, resided at Prague after 1601, and in 1612 w…
LANGER, JOHANN PETER VON, born at Kalkum, near Dusseldorf, in 1756, died in Munich, Aug. 6, 1824. History painter, pupil of the Dusseldorf Academy under Krahe ; became professor at the Academy in 1784, director in 1789, and in 1801 director of the Gallery. In 1806 was appointed director of the Munich Academy, which he reorganized. His antiquated school, which was extolled immoderately by his conte…
ROTTENHAMMER, JOHANN, born in Munich in 1564, died in Augsburg in 1623. German school ; history painter, son and pupil of Thomas Rottenhammer, and in 1582 pupil of Johann Donnauer ; studied in Venice after Tintoretto and visited Rome. Jan Brueghel and Paul Bril employed him to paint mythological or allegori Death of Adonis, Diana and Callisto, Louvre, Paris ; Madonna (1604), Mars and Venus (1604),…
SCHISCHKIN, JOHANN, born at Jelabuga, Government of Viatka, Jan. 13, 1827. Landscape painter, pupil of Moscow Art School and St. Petersburg Academy, where he won the first prize in 1863, and of which he became a member in 1866. Professor in 1873 ; Order of Stanislaus. Works : Dilapidated Bridge (1868) ; Pine Forest (1871) ; Interior of Primeval Forest (1873), St. Petersburg Academy ; First Snow, D…
ZOFFANY, JOHANN, born at Ratisbon about 1733, died in London, Nov. 11, 1810. Real name Zauffely. Portrait painter, pupil in Ratisbon of Speer ; went to Rome, where he remained for twelve years. After his return he made an unfortunate marriage, and in 1758 went to England, where at first he assisted the portrait painter Benjamin Wilson; but he attracted the notice of Lord Bute by a portrait of Garr…
SCHIRMER, JOHIINN WILHELM, born at Mich, Rhenish Prussia, Sept. 5, 1807, died in Carlsrube, Sept. 11, 18 6 3. Landscape painter, pupil of Dusseldorf Academy under Schadow, when he studied history painting, until Leasing's land scapes induced him to take up that branch of art, in which he became famous as a representative of historical landscape in the style of Poussin ; visited Belgium (1830), th…
CONSTABLE, JOHN, born at East Berg holt, Suffolk, June 11, 1776, died in London, March 30, 1837. Landscape painter, pupil of Royal Academy in 1799, and later of Joseph Farrington and R. R. Reinagle. After painting portraits and history, he turned to landscape art as his real vocation, exhibiting his first picture in 1802. He did not, however, become a member of the Royal Academy until 1829 (A.R.A…
FAED, JOHN, born at Burley Mill, Kirkcudbrightshire, Scotland, in 1820. History and genre painter ; first painted miniatures with success, removed to Edinburgh in 1841, where he turned his attention to genre and portrait painting. Member of R S. A. in 1851. Works : Boyhood (1850) ; Cruel Sisters (1851) ; Cotter's Saturday Night (1854) ; Philosopher (1855) ; Household Gods in Danger (1856); Job and…
HAMMER, JOHN J., born in Westhofen, Germany, Jan. 1, 1842. Genre and portrait painter, pupil in Munich from 1876 of Professors Loefftz and Alexander Wagner. Removed to New York in 1884. Works : In the Shade (1881), In the Sun (1882), Kunstverein, Munich ; Gleaners (1883), William Baumgarten, New York ; Scenes from Pompeii - water-colours (1883) ; Goose Girl (1883), Munich Exhibition ; Little Baref…
CHALON, JOHN JAMES, born in Geneva, March 27, 1778, died in London, Nov. 14, 1854. Elder brother of Alfred Edward ; student at Royal Academy in 1796 ; became A.RA. in 1827, and RA. in 1841. First exhibited works in oil, chiefly landscapes and genre subjects, but afterward took also a distinguished position as a watercolour painter. Works: Napoleon on Board the Bellerophon, Greenwich Hospital ; Vie…
BROWN, JOHN LEWIS, born at Bordeaux, Aug. 16, 1829. Genre painter, chiefly military and hunting scenes ; pupil of C. Roqueplan and of Belloc. Medals in 1865, 1866, and 1867; L. of Honour,1870. Works : A Drum, Nidjeb (a horse), Colledano Letrado (a horse), Henriot on the 10th of August, Custine at Spire (1848); An Outpost, Retreat before Wolves, Steeple-Chase, Interior of a Stable, Horses on the Tu…
TAIT, JOHN ROBINSON, born in Cincinnati, Ohio, Jan. 14, 1834. Landscape painter ; graduated at Bethany College, Virginia, in 1852, and spent the following three years in Europe, chiefly in Florence ; visited Europe a second time in 1859, and studied at Dusseldorf under August Weber and Andreas Achenbach until 1871; made a third visit in 1873, and worked several years in the Bavarian Tyrol and in M…
HERBERT, JOHN ROGERS, born at Maldon, Essex, Jan. 23, 1810. History and portrait painter, pupil in London of Royal Academy ; began by painting portraits and drawing book-illustrations ; first subject picture exhibited, The Appointed Hour. After visiting Italy, exhibited Brides of Venice (1839). His conversion to Roman Catholicism (1840) has had a marked influence on his art. Elected an A.R A. in 1…
COPLEY, JOHN SINGLETON, born in Boston, Mass., July 3, 1737, died in London, Sept. 9, 1815. Although Copley is spoken of as self-taught, there can be no doubt that his talent, which showed itself at an early age, was fostered and trained by his stepfather, Peter Pelham, the well-known portraits. One of these, of General Brattle (W. Appleton, Boston), has more historical than artistic value. Improv…
SMIBERT, JOHN, born in Edinburgh in 1684, died in Boston in 1751. Portrait painter ; obtained some elementary instruction at Edinburgh, where he brought himself into notice by the portrait of a young negro from Martinique. Then followed a short residence in Loudon, where he studied in Sir James Thornhill's Academy, and three years' work in Italy, where the Grand Duke of Tuscany employed him to pai…
BLACKBURN, JONATHAN B., born in Connecticut about 1700, died after 1760. Portrait painter ; worked from 1750 to 1765 in Boston, which he left, it is conjectured, because he felt himself outdone by Copley, who is said to have been his pupil. Portraits : Joseph and Mrs. Allan (Miss Andrews, Boston) ; Mr. Amory (Ed. Sohier, Longwood) ; Ch. and Miss Apthorp (Mrs. T. Swett, Boston) ; Col. and Mrs. Th. …
CRAESBECKE, JOOST VAN, born at Neerlinter, Brabant,in 1606,died in Brussels before 1662. Flemish school ; genre painter, pupil of Adrian Brouwer; admitted to Ant and to Brussels guild in 1651. Works: Flemish Tavern, Brussels Museum; Interior, Antwerp Museum ; Matrimonial Contract, Madrid Museum ; Peasant with Felt Cap, Berlin Museum ; Soldiers conversing with Women, Vienna Museum ; Craesbecke's St…
HOEFNAGEL, JORIS, born at Antwerp in 1545, died in Vienna after 1618. Flemish school ; genre, landscape, portrait, and miniature painter, mostly self-taught, but for a time pupil at Mechlin of Jan Bol, after having travelled through France and Spain in 1563-65, where he made many drawings of notable objects. Returned to Antwerp, and uniting with his art the business of a jewel dealer, he and his f…
HAGEN, JORIS VAN DER (Verhagen), died at The Hague, buried May 23, 1669. Dutch school ; landscape painter, strongly influenced by RuysdaeL Settled at The Hague in 1642, and was one of the founders there, of the new 'painters' guild, Pictura, in 1656. His pictures are truthful in details, but the colouring is dark and heavy. Works : Two Landscapes, Louvre ; View near Arnheim (1649), View in Gueldre…
ABEL, JOSEF, born at Asehach, Upper Austria, in 1768, died in Vienna, Oct. 4, 1818. History and portrait painter ; pupil of Vienna Academy ; obtained in 1794 the gold medal for his Daedalus and Icarus. In 1795 he accompanied Prince Czartoryski to Poland, whence, notwithstanding brilliant offers from Russia, he returned to Vienna, and remained there until 1801, when he went to Rome, where he sketch…
KOCH, JOSEF ANTON, born at Ober giebeln, Tyrol, July 27, 1768, died in Rome, Jan. 12, 1839. Landscape painter, pupil of the Karlschule, Stuttgart ; went in 1791 to Strasburg, and in 1793 to Basle ; in 1795 travelled on foot to Naples, where he studied from nature, and in the spring following went to Rome, where he was closely allied with Carstens and Wachter, who greatly influenced his artistic d…
DANHAUSER, JOSEF, born in Vienna, Aug. 18, 1805, died there, May 4, 1845. History and genre painter, son of a cabinet-maker. After successfully devoting him-self to the violin, he studied in the Vienna Academy under Peter Krafft, and in 1826 went to Venice on in vitation of the poet Ladislaa Pyrker, from whose Rudolph of Hapsburg he had painted several pictures with success. Discouraged by the wo…
KRANZBERGER, JOSEF, born at Ratisbon, July 10, 1814, died in Athens, Nov. 26, 1844. History painter, pupil of the Munich Academy under Cornelius, for whom he executed the cartoons for the fresco-cycle in St. Louis' Church. In 1840 he went with Halbreiter, Claudius Schraudolph, and others to Athens to paint in the Royal Palace. He died of the fever while working on a. large altarpiece for the Royal…
TRENKWALD, JOSEF MATHIAS, born in Prague in 1824. History painter, pupil of Ruben at Prague and Vienna Academies, also influenced by Rahl, then studied in Rome, 1856-62, after the masters of the 15th century ; became director of Prague Academy in 1865 and professor at Vienna Academy in 1872. Member of Vienna Academy in 1866. Order of Francis Joseph, 1879 ; Papal Order of Gregory. Works : Peasants …
PIPETNER, JOSEF, born at Plan, Bohemia, July 26, 1821, died at Hallatadt, Upper Austria, in 1881 or 1882. Marine painter, self-taught, studying nature in Hungary, and in 1846 in Italy ; spent one year in Rome and returned to Vienna, where he obtained many orders ; has visited South America, the islands of the Pacific, and travelled through nearly the whole continent of North America. Court painter…
SCHONMANN, JOSEF, born in Vienna, April 19, 1799, died there, May 26, 1879. History painter, pupil of Vienna Academy, which sent him to Rome in 1832. Honorary member of Accademia dei Virtuosi, Rome, in 1838 ; member of Vienna Academy in 1848. Works : Death of Dido (1822) ; Hector calling Paris to Battle (1828); Holy Family (1833), Vienna Museum ; St. Joseph (1835), S. Antonio, Trieste ; Portrait o…
WERNER, JOSEF, born at Berne in 1637, died there in 1710. German school ; history and portrait painter, pupil of his father and in Frankfort of Matthias Merl-an ; then studied in Rome under Pietro da Cortona and Andrea Sacchi ; devoted himself for a time to miniature painting in imitation of Carlo Maratti, was called to France by Louis XIV., for whom he painted many portraits and allegories, as he…
SUVEE, JOSEPH BENOIT, born in Bruges, Jan. 3, 1743, died in Rome, Feb. 9, 1807. Flemish school ; history and portrait painter, pupil of Matthias de Visch, then in Paris at the old St. Luke's corporation and at the Academy under Bachelier ; won the 2d grand prix de Rome in 1768, and the 1st in 1771 in competition with David, and studied in Rome (1772-78) under Vien ; after his return to Paris he wa…
CARAUD, JOSEPH, born at Cluny, (Saone-et-Loire), Jan. 5, 1821. Genre painter, pupil of Abel de Pujol and Charles Louis Muller. Some of his pictures have been engraved. Medals : 3d class, 1859 ; 2d class, 1861 and 1863 ; L. of Honour, 1867. Works : Oracle of the Fields (1847); The Awakening, Dark and Fair (1849); Dancing Lesson, Interrupted Breakfast, A Kitchen (1855); Marie Antoinette in the Littl…
COOMAIVS, JOSEPH, born at Brussels in 1816. History and genre painter ; first instructed in Ghent by Hasselaere, a mediocre artist, then pupil of Antwerp Academy under N. de Keyser and Wappers ;went with the French army to Algiers, where he spent several years, then visited Italy, Turkey, Greece, and the Crimea ; in Italy again in 1857, since when, attracted by the Pompeian paintings, he has paint…
DYCKMANS, JOSEPH LAURENS, born at Lier, Belgium, Aug. 9, 1811. Genre painter, pupil of Thielemans and Vervoort, then of Wappers ; his pictures; mostly on a small scale, together with the similarity of subjects, won him the surname of the Belgian Gerard Dow. In 1841-54 he was professor at the Antwerp Academy, and in 1870 VMS made member. Works : Declaration of Love (1834); Paternal Lesson (1835); P…
MASWIENS, JOSEPH, born at Louvain, Sept. 19, 1828. Architecture painter, pupil of Louvain Academy and of Genisson, then in Madrid of Villa-Amil ; travelled in Spain (1853-54) and France (1855); paints chiefly interiors of churches and other buildings, of great perspective accuracy and excellent light-effects. Works : Cathedral of Toledo ; Great Chapel in do. ; Chapel San Isidoro, Madrid ; Interior…
WRIGHT, JOSEPH (Wright of Derby), born at Derby, England, Sept. 3, 1734, died there, Aug. 29, 1797. Went in 1751 to London, and studied under Thomas Hudson, the master of Reynolds ; became at first a portrait painter, but afterwards devoted himself chiefly to landscape and genre subjects. Was in Italy in 1773-75, and made many sketches of flame effects, especially in an eruption of Vesuvius, and w…
BRANDT, JOZEE, born at Szczebrzeszyn, Poland, Feb. 11, 1841. History and genre painter ; pupil in Paris of the Ecole Centrale, and in Munich of Franz Adam and Piloty. Studio in Munich. Medals : Munich, 1869; Vienna, 1873; Berlin, 1876. Member of Berlin and Munich Academies ; Order of Franz Josef ; mention honourable, Paris. Works : Attack of Polish Cavalry (about 1865); Polish Peasants before an …
PARIS, JUDGMENT OF, William Etly, A. Fontaine, Narford Hall, Norfolk ; canvas, H. 6 ft. x 9 ft. Figures full-length, nude. Paris, seated at left beside Mercury, hands the apple to Venus, who is attended by Cupid ; at her right is Minerva ; at her left, Juno with her peacocks ; at right, three nymphs ; at left, a satyr peeping from under a curtain hung between trees. Royal Academy, 1826 ; painted f…
SOLOMON, JUDGMENT OF, Nicolas Poussin, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 4 in. X 4 ft. 11 in. Solomon, seated upon an elevated throne, in centre, extending his hands, pronounces sentence ; in foreground, the mothers kneeling, one making a gesture of terror at seeing her child, which a soldier armed with a sword holds by one foot ; the other, holding the dead child, cries out against the execution o…
JUDITH, Cristofano Allori, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 7 in. x 3 ft. 8 in. Scene from apocryphal book of Judith. Judith, with the head of Holofernes in one hand and a sword in the other ; behind her a servant. Judith is said to represent La Mamtfirra, a beautiful Florentine courtesan who had deserted Allori for a richer lover, the servant, her mother, and the severed head the pain…
JUDITH AND HOLOFERNES (apoc ryphal book of Judith), Artemisia Geniileschi, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, 11. 3 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 7 in. Judith, aided by her servant, is cutting off with a sword the head of Holofernes, who lies upon a couch in his tent. - Rosini, vi. 128. By Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel, Rome ; fresco on ceiling. By Henri Regnault, Marseilles Museum. Judith, on the point of stri…
JUGELET, (JEAN MARIE) AUGUSTE, born at Brest, Aug. 25, 1805, died at Rouen, Oct. 22, 1871 Marine painter, pupil of Gudin ; has made many voyages and gained distinction by his marine views. Medals: 3d class, 1836 ; L. of Honour, 1847. Works : Sunrise at Sea, Bay of Dinan (1831); Environs of Brest (1833); Port of Havre, Honfleur, Mont St. Michel, Cliffs of tretat (1835); A Fog, Harbour of Conquet (1…
DUPRE, JULES, born at Nantes in 1812. Landscape painter, one of the most orig inal and powerful of the modern French school, and among the originators of the so-called Pay-sage intime. Medals: 2d class, 1833 and 1867 ; L. of Honour, 1849 ; Officer, 1870. Works : 5 landscapes (1831); Interior of a Farm-Yard, Views near Abbeville, Creuze, Indre, Correze, and several English views (1835 to 1839) ; A…
VEYRASSAT, JULES JACQUES, born in Paris in 1825. Landscape and animal painter, pupil of Lefman. Paints both in oil and water-colour. Medals : 2d class, 1872 ; L. of Honour, 1878. Works : Drinking Cider, Harvesters (1850) ; View at M. Hereau's (1852); Manure Carts (1853); Peasants going to Fields (1855) ; Peasants dining in Fields, Gleaners, Meal in Shadow of Mill (1857); Tow-Horses on the Seine (1…
LECOMTE-DU-NOUY, JULES JEAN ANTOINE, born in Paris, June 10, 1842. Genre painter, pupil of Geriime, Gleyre, Signol, and of the gcole des Beaux Arta ; won the 2d grand prix in 1865. Medals : 1866, 1869 ; 2d class, 1872 ; London, 1862 ; Vienna, 1873 ; L. of Honour, 1876. Works : Francesca da Rimini and Paolo Malatesta in the Infernal Regions (1863) ; Death of Jocasta (1865), Arras Museum ; Greek Sen…
DAUBAN, JULES JOSEPH, born in Paris, May 31, 1822. History painter, pupil of Auguste Debay ; director of School of Fine Arts at Angers. Has also decorated churches and other buildings. Medal, 1864 ; L. of Honour, 1868. Works : Louis XI. making Guillaume de C6rizay Mayor of Anjou (1861) ; Trappists receiving a Stranger (1864), Luxembourg Museum ; Trappists giving each other the Kiss of Peace before…
RICHOMME, JULES, born in Paris. Sept. 9, 1818. History and portrait painter, son of the engraver Joseph Th6odore Richomme, pupil of Drolling. Paints religious subjects chiefly, in a cold and correct style. Medals : 3d class, 1840 ; 2d class, 1842, 1862, 1863 ; L. of Honour, 1867. Works : Abraham taking Hagar as his Wife (1842) ; St. Sebastian saved by Holy Women (1843) ; Incredulity of St. Thomas…
JUPITER AND ANTIOPE, Anton van Dyck, Munich Gallery. The nymph asleep upon a bank beneath a drapery which Cupids are suspending from trees ; Jupiter, in form of a satyr, bending on one knee, is raising the covering from her bosom. Formerly in Dusseldorf Gallery. Replica, Earl of Coventry. Engraved by Van Kessel ; Soutman Van der Steen ; Val. Green ; Ch. de MechaL - Munich Gal., Pl. 22 ; Smith, iii…
JUSTUS or JODOCU S OF GHENT, latter half of 15th century. Flemish school. Supposed by some to be identical with Justus de Alla m ag - na or Giusto d'Alemania, who painted an Annunciation of the Virgin in the Convent of S. M. di Castello, Genoa, in 1 4 5 1, but there is little if any evidence of it. Justus of Ghent, a contemporary of Van der Goes and of Van der Meire, and perhaps pupil of Hubert V…
BECKER, KARL (LUDWIG FRIEDRICH), born in Berlin, Dec. 18, 1820. History and genre painter, pupil of Aug. von Klober in the Berlin Academy; studied fresco under A. Hess at Munich (1843), and after a year in Paris and two years in Rome (1845 47) returned to Berlin to paint historical and mythological pictures. Visited Venice several times and collected materials for painting Venetian Renaissance su…
BEGAS, KARL, born at Heinsberg, Sept. 30, 1794 ; died in Berlin, Nov. 24, 1854. History and portrait painter. Studied at Bonn in 1801, under Philippart, and at Paris in 1812, under Gros. Passed successively under the influence of the old German and early Italian masters. Went to Italy in 1822, and in 1834 returned to Berlin, where he at first painted in the style of the so-called Nazarenes (German…
BODMER, KARL, born in Zurich, Switzerland, in 1805. Landscape painter, chiefly woods and wooded landscapes ; pupil of Cornu. Has travelled in America and other countries with the Prince von Neuwied. Medals : 2d class, 1851; 3d class, 1855 and 1863 ; L. of Honour, 1876. Works : Indian Costumes and Chiefs (1836), water colours ; Forest in Winter (1850), Luxembourg Museum ; Dry Leaves (1853); A Pond …
LESSING, KARL FRIEDRICH, born in Breslau, Feb. 15, 1808, died in Carlsruhe, June 5, 1880. History and 1 dscape painter, pupil at Berlin Academy of R6sel and Wiling, then of Schadow, whom in 1826 he followed to Dusseldorf, where he rapidly established his reputation. His first works, exhibited in Berlin in 1828 and 1830, which created great interest, were followed by an excellent series of histori…
GIRARDET, KARL, born at Lode, Switzerland, May 13, 1810, died in Paris, April 24, 1871. Genre and landscape painter, brother of Adouard Henri, pupil of Leon Cogniet. Travelled much in Europe and the Levant, and accompanied the Due de Montpensier to Spain. Medals : 3d class, 1837 ; 2d class, 1842 ; Grand Medal of Prussia, 1843 ; Member of Academy of Amsterdam, 1853 ; honourable mention, 1855. Works…
HAAG, KARL, born at Erlangen, Wartemberg, April 20, 1820. Genre painter, pupil of Nuremberg Art School, continued his studies in Munich and Rome ; went in 1847 to England, where he took up painting in water-colours exclusively ; visited Italy, and, in 1858, the Libyan Desert, dwelt for months among the Bedouins, and has since made repeated visits to Egypt and other parts of the East. Since 1867 ha…
BLOCH, KARL HEINRICH, born in Copenhagen, May 23, 1834. Genre and history painter ; pupil of Copenhagen Academy ; studied from nature among peasantry of Zealand and on coast of Jutland, and soon acquired reputation for humourous pictures. Studio in Rome from 1859 to 1865. Since then has painted mostly historical subjects. He is a member of and professor at the Copenhagen Academy. Medals in 1852, 1…
HUBNER, KARL (WILHELM), born in Konigsberg, June 17, 1814, died in Dusseldorf, Dec. 5, 1879. Genre painter, pupil in Konigsberg of I. Wolf, and from 1839-41 at the Dusseldorf Academy under Karl Sohn and Schadow. Established his reputation by painting subjects relating to the social problems of the day, but after 1848 he treated subjects of more general interest, which met with great success, part…
KUWASSEG, KARL, born in Trieste, March 16, 1802, died in Paris, Jan., 1877. Landscape painter, pupil of Gratz Academy under Stark ; painted in water-colours in Vienna, and after travelling with Count Schomburg in Southern Europe and in America went to Paris, where he became a naturalized Frenchman. About 1835 Louis Philippe and Baron Rothschild bought some of his pictures and opened the road to su…
LINDEMANN-FROMMEL, KARL (AU GUST), born at Markirch, Alsace, Aug. 19, 1819. Landscape painter, nephew and pupil of Karl Ludwig Frommel in Carlsruhe, where he studied after the old masters in the gallery and from nature ; about 1840 he visited North Italy, and after a year's stay in Munich, where he was inspired by Rottmann and also influenced by Olivier, rerurned to Carlsrube, whence he went to R…
FROMMEL, KARL LUDWIG, born at Birkenfeld, Oldenburg, April 29, 1789, died at Ispringen, near Pforzheim, Feb. 6, 1863. Landscape painter, pupil of Philipp Jakob Becker (1763-1829, Baden court-painter, and director of Carlsruhe Gallery). Studied Claude Lorrain and Poussin in Paris in 1810then went to Rome and Naples, and in 1817 became professor at the Carlsruhe artschooL He founded the Art and Indu…
RAHL, KARL, born in Vienna. Aue. 13. (1836-43) after the antique ; returned to Vienna, and in 1845 went to Holstein, and in 1847 to Copenhagen, where he painted several members of the Danish court. After living a few years in Munich, be was called in 1850 to Vienna as temporary professor at the Academy, but resigned after one term and opened a school of painting, where he instructed eighty pupils…
RUTHART, KARL, flourished about 1660-80. German school ; painter of animals and hunts, was a resident of Ratisbon in 1664 ; seems to have travelled in Italy about 1672 and lived for some time in Venice. Works : Bear Hunt, Louvre ; Stag attacked by two Lions, Bamberg Gallery ;1 Fierce Combat between Stags and Dogs, Schleissheim Gallery ; Stags upon Precipice ; Stag Hunt, Bear Hunt, Ulysses compelli…
SCHORN, KARL, born in Dusseldorf, Oct. 17, 1800, died in Munich, Oct. 7, 1850. History painter, pupil of Dusseldorf Academy, of Cornelius in Munich, of Gros and Ingres in Paris in 1824-27, and from 1832 of Wach in Berlin. Settled in Munich, where he was made professor at the Academy in 1847, and visited Italy. Orders of Red Eagle and St. Michael. Was the father-in-law and master of Karl Piloty. Wo…
STAAFF, KARL THEODOR, born in the Province of Herjedalen, Sweden, June 28, 1816. Portrait painter, pupil of Stockholm Academy in 1831. Began with historical painting, then changed to portraits. Also illustrated some of Jegner's writings. Member of Stockholm Academy in 1856. Works : King Oscar I., Drottningholm Castle near Stockholm ; Charles XV.; President Asker ; Gen. Akrell ; and others. - Mtill…
BLAAS, KARL VON, born at Nauders, Tyrol, May 28, 1815. History painter ; pupil of Venice Academy under Lipparini, then in Florence and Rome, where, influenced by Overbeck and Koch, he devoted himself to ecclesiastical art, and genre scenes of a ritual character. In 1850 he was appointed professor at the Vienna Academy, painted several frescos in the Alt-Lerchenfeld church, and accepted in 1855 the…
HELLEN, KARL VON DER, born in Bremen, May 10, 1843. Landscape painter, pupil in Dusseldorf of Oswald Achenbach, then studied in Munich, and in 1864-68 in Carlsruhe under Gude, 1869 in Paris, 1870 in Rome, and in 1871 settled in Dusseldorf. Works : Wood Interior ; Landscape in Black Forest ; North German Landscape ; Evening in Italy. - HELTAvisT, KARL GUSTAF, born in KungsOr in 1851. History painte…
PILOTY, KARL VON, born in Munich, Oct. 1, 1826, died there, July 21, 1886. History painter, son of and first instructed by the lithographer, Ferdinand Piloty, then pupil of Munich Academy under Schnorr, and later under his brother-in-law, Karl Schorn. In 1847 he visited Venice, painted genre pictures, and at Leipsic (1849) many portraits, then visited Dresden, where Velasquez became his ideal ; w…
KALTENMOSER, KASPAR, born at Horb, Wfirtemberg, Dec. 25, 1806, died in Munich, March 7, 1867. Genre painter and lithographer, pupil of the Munich Academy in 1830, but formed himself principally through study of nature in the Bavarian and Tyrolese Alps, Switzerland, and Istria (1843). Many of his views in the Black Forest are in America. Works : Landscape with Peasant's House (1831); Tyrolese Famil…
COX, KENYON, born at Warren, 0., Oct. 27, 1856. Figure painter ; studied first in Cincinnati and Philadelphia, later, pupil in Paris of Carolus Duran and GUreme. Visited Europe in 1877, and remained in France with short intermissions until 1882. Member of Society of American Artists. Studio in New York. Works : Head of Venetian Girl (1879); Lady in Black (1880); Pink and White (1881); Two Portrait…
KIEL (heel), JAN, called Bieke, Jamieli, and Giovanni delle Vito, born near Antwerp or in Brussels (?) in 1599, died in Turin in 1664. Flemish school ; history, genre, a n d landscape painter, said to be a pupil of Geeraard Zegers ; afterwards studied under Andrea Sacchi at Rome, then gave up historical style and painted genre after the manner of Pieter van Laar ; called to Turin in 1658, as pain…
METZINGER, KILIAN, born at Aschaffenburg, June 19, 1806, died in Munich, March 17, 1869. Landscape painter, pupil of Munich Academy. Works : Landscape in Approaching Storm ; Moonlight Landscape (1837) ; Landscape with Ruin of Castle and Torrent. - D. Kunstbl. (1852), 51 ; Kunst-Chronik, iv. 144 ; Raczynski, 343 ; &hi, 291. vancing towards Dinan, Schleisshei? Gallery ; Group of Horsemen, Cavalry Co…
KONINCK (Boning), SALOMON, born at Amsterdam in 1609, died there after 1663. Dutch school. History, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of David Colyns and Nicolaas Moyaert, and later a follower of Rembrandt. Became member of the Painter's Guild at Amsterdam in 1630. Works : Young Man Reading (1630), Bridgewater Gallery, London ; Joseph explaining Pharaoh's Dream (attributed to Rembrandt), Lord Sca…
CRETIUS, KONSTANTIN, born at Brieg, Silesia, Jan. 6, 1814. Genre, history, and portrait painter, pupil of Berlin Academy under Wach ; went in 1839 to Brussels, Paris, and Italy ; in Rome until 1842, and after his return to Berlin painted a number of historical genre pictures. In 1846 Frederick William IV. sent him to Constantinople to paint a portrait of Sultan Abdul Medjid. In 1860 he became a me…
KRUSEMAN VAN ELTEN, H. D., born at Alkmaar, Nov. 14, 1829. Landscape painter, pupil in Haarlem of Lieste, and student of nature in Germany, Switzerland, and Tyrol. Continued his studies in Brussels, and settled in Amsterdam, whence he moved to New York in 1865. Member of Rotterdam and Amsterdam Academies, and of Belgian Water Colour Society ; A.N.A. in 1871, and N.A. in 1883. Medals : Amsterdam, 1…
SIMONETTA, LA BELLA, Sandra Both:- celli, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H. 2 ft. x 1 ft. 4 in. Profile, in a cap and simple attire. Portrait of Simonetta de' Vespucci, SIMONETTI called by Vasari the mistress of Giuliano de' Medici ; but it is uncertain whether this be the portrait of La Simonetta or of another mistress of humbler origin who became the mother of Clement VII. It has been engrave…
FORNARINA, LA, Sebastian del Piombo, Blenheim, England ; wood, life-size. A beaua striped cloth tied over the crown of the head ; low white dress showing neck ; right hand supporting the fur collar of a red velvet mantle, the left holding a basket of fruit and flowers. Called also Dorothea. Attributed to Raphael ; engraved as a Raphael by Bernardi, T. Chambers, and others. Inferior replica in Ca…
GLORIA, LA, Titian, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 11 ft. 4 in. x 7 ft. 10 in.; signed. High in the heavens, in khalo of light, the Father and the Son are seated, with crystal orbs and sceptres in their hands ; around them countless cherubim and seraphim fading away in a brilliant mist ; lower down in the clouds the Virgin stands interceding for sinners, at whose bead Charles V., to the right, with th…
LAMBINET, P.MTLE, born at Versailles, Jan. 13, 1815, died at Bougival, Jan. 1, 1878. Landscape painter, pupil at first of Boiselier, later of Drolliug and of Horace Vernet,. Medals : 3d class, 1843 ; 2d class, 1853, 1857 ; L. of Honour, 1867. Visited the East, Algeria, and Holland. Works : View of Senlisse (1833) ; do. (1836), Catnbrai Museum ; View in Dauphiny (1837) ; Valley of Cherreuse (1839);…
LANDSEER, Sir EDWIN HENRY, born in London, March 7, 1802, died there, Oct. 1, 1873. Animal painter, third son and pupil of John Landseer, engraver ; began to draw animals when very young, some of his sketches, made when five, seven, and ten years old, being preserved at South Kensing LANFRANCO (180) ; Flood in the Highlands (1860) ; Scenes in Highland Deer Forest, The Shrew Tamed (1861); Well-Bred…
LANSYER., EMMANUEL, born in Ile de-Bouin (Von d6e), Feb. 18, 1835. Landscape and marine painter, pupil of Courbet, Violet-le-due, and Harpignies ; usually paints views of Brittany and the neighbourhood of Bordeaux. A good - draughtsman and colourist. Medals : 1865, 1869 ; 3d class, 1873 ; L. of Honour, 1881. Works : Pine-Trees on the Breton Coast (1864); September Morning at Douarnenez, River Ell…
LAST CARTRIDGES (Les dernieres car-touches), Alphonse de Neuville, private gallery. Episode of the battle of Sedan. The marines composing part of the Twelfth Corps, which held the village of Bazeilles, two miles from Sedan, Sept. 1, 1870, fought gallantly until every cartridge was spent. The scene represents the interior of a house in the thick of the battle, its ceiling rent by fiends, and Satan …
LAST SUPPER, Fra Angelico, Convent of S. Marco, Florence ; fresco on wall. By Francesco Bassano, Madrid Museum ; canvas, H. 5 ft. x 7 ft. Table set at an angle in a hall of Roman architecture ; St. Peter, at right of Jesus, holds a knife ; in front, Judas, with his back to the spectator ; in the angle of the table a dog and a cat quarrelling over a bone. - Madmzo. By Banifazio, Uffizi, Florence. C…
LAUREN S, JULES JOSEPH AUGUSTIN, born in Carpentras in 1825. Landscape painter, pupil of Delaroche. In 1847 he was sent by the State with two other artists on a journey through Turkey, Persia, and Asia Minor, during which he made many sketches for future paintings. Medals : 3d class, 1853, 1859 ; 2d class, 1861; medal at Exposition of 1867 ; L. of Honour, 1868. Also an engraver and lithographer. W…
ALMA-TADEMA, LAURENZ, born at Dronryp, Frie eland, Jan. 8, 1836. Educated at the gymnasium of Leeuwarden, where he con - ceived a passion for Egyptian and Greco-Roman archaeology, which has had a great influence on his art life ; student of art in Antwerp Academy in 1852 ; subsequently pupil of Baron Henry Leys. Exhibited in Antwerp, 1861, Education of the ALMA-TADEMA Children of Clotilda ; and …
VECELLI, LAVINIA, portrait, Titian, Berlin Museum ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 3f in. x 2 ft. 7f in. A robust girl, dressed in a yel- lowish flowered silk, raises with both hands, to the level of her forehead, a silver dish of fruit and flowers, as she glances back at the spectator. Painted about 1555 for Niccole Crasso ; bought in Florence, in 1832, for 5,000 thalers, from Abbate Celotti, for Berlin Museum…
LAWRENCE, Sir THOMAS, born at Bristol, May 4 , 1769, died in London, January 7, 1830. Portrait painter, son of a Bristol innkeeper who had known better days. At the age of ten he took crayon portraits at Oxford and copied historical pictures, and before he was twelve he had drawn Mrs. Siddons in crayons and made his studio at Bath a fashionable resort. He began to paint in oils in his seventeenth…
CALVI, LAZZARO, born in Genoa in 1502, died there in 1587. Genoese school ; son of Agostino Calvi, a respectable painter of Lombard origin ; pupil of Perino del Vaga at same time with his elder brother, Pantaleo Calvi (died 1595). The brothers painted much in collaboration in Genoa, By Paolo Veronese, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 8 in. x 14 ft. 6 in. Christ falling under the weight of the c…
LD3ERALE DI JACOPO DA VERONA, born in Verona in 1451, died there, Aug. 12, 1536. Venetian school ; history painter, pupil of Stefano dai Libri, a miniaturist of Verona, LIBERATORE by whom he was taught the art of illuminating. The choir-books in the cathedrals at Chiusi (1467-69) and Siena are examples of his skill as a miniature painter. After his return to Verona, about 1745, he took up fresco a…
LE BOURGET. See Bourget. ennobled him, gave him the general care of all works of art in royal buildings, and made him director of the Gobelins, and successively rector, chancellor, and director of the Academy of Painting. In 1666 Le Brun induced the king to found the French Academy at Rome, where, though absent, he was made prince of the Academy of St. Luke. After the death of Colbert the fortunes…
LEHMANN, (KARL ERNST RUDOLF) HEINRICH, born at Kiel, Schleswig, April 14, 1814, died in Paris, March 31, 1882. History and portrait painter, son and pupil of Leo Lehmann, then pupil of Ingres in Paris. In 1837 he visited Munich, in 1838 Italy ; then settled in Paris, became naturalized (1847), and took rank among the most distinguished painters of the capital. Medals : 2d class, 1835 ; 1st class, …
LELOIR, (JEAN BAPTISTE) AUGUSTE, born in Paris, July 1, 1809. History and genre painter, pupil of Picot and of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. His earlier works (before 1842), which rival David's in excellence of design, and Gros' in beauty of colour, are superior to later ones. Has executed decorative works in St. Germain 1'Auxerrois and St. Merri, Paris, at St. Jean, Belleville, and SL Leu, Tavernay. …
LE NAIN. (the Brothers), ANTOINE, LOUIS (called the Roman), and MATHIEU, born at Laon (Aisne) about 1598, 1593, 1607. French school; they painted domestic and rural scenes. When Antoine became master in St. Germain des Pres, his brothers were his apprentices. In 1633 Mathieu came to Paris, where the three brothers lived together for many years. In 1648 they were all received into the Academy. Anto…
LEO III., OATH OF, Raphael, Stanza dell' Incendio del Borgo, Vatican ; fresco. Leo HI. (portrait of Leo X.) clearing himself by oath at the altar, in presence of Charlemagne and church dignitaries, from accusations made by the nephew of the deceased Pope Adrian L; behind him, a young priest carries the triple crown ; at left, in front of a group of bishops, Charlemagne in the costume of a Roman se…
LEON Y ESCOSURA, IGNACIO, born at Orviedo, Spain; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil in Paris of GorOme ; paints interiors and garden scenes with historical persons of 17th or 18th centuries. Orders of Isabella the Catholic, of Charles IIL of Spain, and Christ of Portugal. Works : The Breakfast, Walk in Aranjuez, Philip IV. presenting Rubens to Velasquez (1867); Murillo with the Capuchins, Galler…
VINCI, LEONARDO DA, born at Vinci, Val d' Arno, near Florence, in 1452, died at the Chateau de Clot or Cloux, near Amboise, May 2, 1519. Florentine school. Natural son of Sor Piero d' Anto nio, Florentine notary ; pupil of Andrea del Verrocchio, with whom he was associated as late as 1476. The bright angel which he painted in his master's picture of the Baptism of Christ, Florence Academy, the Me…
BONNAT, LEON (JOSEPH FLOREN TIN), born at Bayonne, in 1833. Genre and portrait painter; pupil in Madrid of F. de Madrazo and in Paris of Leon Cogniet ; also studied four years in Italy, where he painted many small pictures of Italian life, for which he is best known. Has painted several religious pictures for the Government Second grand prix, 1858 ; medals : 2d class, 1861, 1863, and 1869 ; of ho…
FAUSTNER, LEONHA.RD, born in Munich, Feb. 16, 1815, died there, April 1, 1884. Architecture and landscape painter, pupil of Munich Academy, and of the animal painter Moritz Losche ; then studied glass painting under Ainmiller, who employed him in the royal manufactory of stained glass, and after whose death he was made its director. His highly esteemed oil paintings are mostly in private collectio…
KUPELWIESER, LEOPOLD, born at Piesting, Nether Austria, Oct. 17, 1796, died in Vienna, Nov. 17, 1862. History painter, pupil of the Vienna Academy ; studied at Dresden in 1816-18, and after having established his reputation by a life-size portrait of the Emperor Francis, visited Italy in 1824 -25. Especially attracted by the works of Fra Angelico, he devoted himself entirely to religious art, and …
LE SENECHAL DE KERDRtORET, GASTON 1 DOUARD, born at Hennebout (Morbihan), Oct. 9, 1860. Landscape and marine painter, pupil of Jules NoeL Medal, 3d class, 1883. Works : Cliffs of Tr6port at Low Tide (1878) ; Sea Baths of Port-Louis, Low Tide at Veules-en-Caux (1879) ; Fishery, ib. (1880) ; Low Tide at Tr6port (1881) ; November, ib. (1882) ; Departure of Fishermen in Rough Weather (1883) ; Preparat…
LFILY, Sir PETER, born at Soest in William of Orange, in 1643, he so closely studied the manner of Van Dyck, who had just died, that his earlier portraits often approach the great master's style. For thirty years he was the most popular portrait painter in England, and amassed a large fortune ; nominated court-painter and knighted by Charles H. His portraits are of elegant conception, clear and w…
LIEVENS (Livens, Lyvins); JAN, born at Leyden, Oct. 24, 1607, died at Amsterdam, buried June 8, 1674. Dutch school ; history and portrait paint er, pupil of Joris Verschooten, and at Amsterdam of Pieter Lastman, afterwards greatly influenced by Rembrandt ; in 1631 was called to England, where, during a residence of three years, he painted the royal family and many persons of distinction ; after h…
VIRGIN, LIFE OF THE, Domenico Ghirlandajo, S. M. Novella, Florence ; frescos on the wall of the choir. Seven subjects : L Joachim's Expulsion from the Temple ; 2. Birth of the Virgin ; 3. Presentation in the Temple ; 4 Marriage of the Virgin ; 5. Adoration of the Magi ; 6. Massacre of the Innocents ; 7. Death and Assumption of the Virgin. Executed, with the aid of assistants, about 1490, by order …
LIUS, Ritter, born' in Leipsic, March 26, 1794, died in Dresden, May 24, 1 8 7 2. History and landscape painter, son and pupil of Johann Veit Schnorr von Karolsfeld, whom he assisted when a mere boy ; then pupil of Vienna Academy, but studied especially after the early German and Italian masters. Went in 1817 to Florence and in 1818 to Rome, where he became one of the German brotherhood of the Pr…
CARRACCI, LODOVICO, born in Bo logna, April 21, 1555, died there, Nov. 13, 1619. Bolognese school ; son of Vincenzo Carracci, a butcher ; pupil at Bologna of Prospero Fontana, who ad- J wised him to give up painting, while his brother pupils nicknamed him from his stupidity the Ox. Studied chiefly at Venice under Tintoretto, who gave him but little more encouragement than Fontana. Afterward paint…
MAZZOLINO, LODOVICO, born in Ferrara about 1478 (?), died there towards the end of 1528. Lombardo-Ferrarese school ; son of Giovanni Mazzuoli ; called Malino by Vasari ; supposed pupil of Lorenzo Costa, but more probably of Domenico Panetti. Did not excel in large figures, but his small pictures are bright in colour and possess rare merit. Examples : Christ with the Doctors, Palazzo Borghese, Rome…
CREDI, LORENZO DI, born in Florence in 1459, d ied there, Jan. 12, 1537. Florentine school; son of Andrea di Credi, goldsmith ; pupil and assistant of Verrocchio at same time with Leonardo da Vinci and Perugino. Under Verroc chio's care he long laboured in copying either his master's or Leonardo's sketches, with such accuracy that Vasari says it was difficult to distinguish his work from the orig…
LOTTO, LORENZO, born at Bergamo or Treviso (?) about 1480, died at Loreto about 1554. Venetian school ; sometimes called E Bergamasco, from his long residence in Bergamo. Went early to Venice, where, according to Vasari, he was Palolas (1529), S. M. del Carmine, Venice ; Glory of St. Antoninus, S. Giovanni e Paolo, Venice ; Madonna with Saints, Vienna Museum ; Crucifixion (1531), Church of Monte S…
SPAGNA, LO, born in 14 - , died about 1530. Umbrian school ; real name Giovanni di Pietro, but commonly called, from his nationality, Lo Spagna (the Spaniard). Called by Vasari, Giovanni Spagnuolo. Art education wholly Italian, under Perugino and Pinturicchio. Was the companion of Raphael in the school of Perugino, and his manner is a mixture of the Peruginesque and Raphaelesque without the high q…
SPAGNOLETTO, LO, born at Jativa, Spain, Jan. 12, 1588, died in Naples in 1656. Valencian and Neapolitan schools. Real name Josef de Ribera ; pupil in Valencia of Francisco Ribalta ; went when SPAGNUOLO named him Spagnoletto (little Spaniard). A cardinal took pity upon him, clothed him, and attached him to his household, but Spagnoletto soon ran away, declaring that he needed the spur of poverty t…
JAPY, LOUIS AIMS, born at Berne (Doubs); contemporary. Landscape painter, pupil of Francois. Medals : 1870 ; 3d class, 1873. Works : Before the Storm ; Valley of Nantuis ; Twilight ; Spring Landscape (1873), Corcoran Gallery, Washington ; Aurora, Spring-time in the Mountains, A River (1874); Spring-time in the Valley of the Somme, In the Woods in April (1878); End of April, Valley of the Lomont (1…
BOULANGER, LOUIS, born at Vercelli, Piedmont, March 11, 1806, died at Dijon, March 5, 1867. Genre painter, pupil of Lethiere and of Achille Deveria ; one of the leading artists of the romantic school. Medals : 2d class, 1827 ; 1st class, 1835 ; L. of Honour, 1840 ; director of the School of Art in Dijon after 1860. He exhibited in most of the Salons from 1827 to 1866 ; has illustrated works of Vic…
CABAT, LOUIS, born in Paris, Dec. 24, 1812. Landscape painter, pupil of Camille Flers ; first exhibited in 1833. Medals : 2d class, 1834 ; 3d class, 1867 ; L. of Honour, 1843 ; Officer, 1855 ; Member of Institute, 1867 ; Director French Academy at Rome, 1879. Works : View of the Bouzanne, Mill of Dompierre, Tavern of Montsouris (1833) ; Garden of Beaujon, Pond at Ville d'Avray, Woods of Fontenay-a…
TIMBAL, LOUIS CHARLES, born in Paris in 1822, died there, Nov. 20, 1880. Sacred history painter, pupil of Drolling. Medals : 2d class, 1848, 1857, 1859 ; 1st class, 1861 ; L. of Honour, 1864. Works : Christ carried to Tomb, Virgin and Magda len at Foot of the Cross (1848) ; Christ's Agony on Mount of Olives (1849); St. John the Apostle at Ephesus (1851); Captive Jews in Babylon, Resurrection of Ja…
S1LVESTRE, LOUIS DE, born in Paris, June 23, 1675, died there, April 12, 1760. History and portrait painter, brother of Louis Silvestre, the elder (1669 -1740), painter, son of Israel Silvestre (1621-1691), engraver to the king, and grandson of Gilles Silvestre (born 1590), painter, who was of a Scottish family named Silvester, settled in Lorraine since the beginning of the 16th century. Louis was…
DORIGNY, LOUIS, born in Paris in June, 1654, died in Verona in 1742. French school ; history painter, pupil of his father, Michel D., and of Lebrun. Dissatisfied with the verdict of the Academy, which awarded him the second prize in 1671, he went to Rome, where he studied four years ; then painted at Gubbio and Foligno, and, for ten years, in Venice. Married there, and settled in Verona ; visited …
RIOULT, LOUIS EDOUARD, born at Montdidier (Somme), Oct. 26, 1780, died in Paris, March 10, 1855. Genre painter, pupil of David and Regnault. Won second grand prix in 1814. First exhibited in 1819 ; soon after, having lost the use of his right hand, he learned to paint with his left. Medals : 2d class, 1844 ; 1st class, 1838. Works : Endyrnion Asleep (1822); Angelica rescued by Roger (1824), Compie…
CHARPENTIER, LOUIS EUGENE, born in Paris, June 1, 1811. Military and genre painter, pupil of Gerard and Cogniet ; was for twenty-six years professor of designing at Versailles. Medals : 3d class, 1841 and 1857. Works : Bivouac of Cuirassiers (1831); Hunters asking the Way (1837); Break of a Dutch Dyke (1839); Defence of Aubervilliers-les-Vertus (1841) ; Robert le Diable (1842) ; Capture of the Gre…
LAMBERT, LOUIS EUGENE, born in Paris, September 25, 1825. Genre and animal painter, pupil of Delacroix ; especially noted as a careful and humorous painter of cats and dogs. Medals : 1865, 1866, 1870 ; 3d class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1874. Works : Stable (1852); In the Curtain, Rabbits (1855) ; Dead Nature, Expiation, Cat and Parrot (1857) ; Hunting-Dogs (1859); Remedy Worse than the Disease, Marke…
LAMI, LOUIS EUGENE, born in Paris, Jan. 12, 1800. History and genre painter, pupil of Gros and Horace Vernet. Gained his first laurels as a water-colour painter of scenes in fashionable life ; has since painted historical subjects and pictures of life in Russia. Medals : 2d class, 1865 ; L of Honour, 1837 ; Officer, 1862. Works : Studies of Horses, Battle of Puerto de Miravento (1824), Versailles …
BRILLOUIN, LOUIS GEORGES, born at St Jean d'Angely, April 22, 1817. Figure painter ; pupil of Drolling, and of Cabat. Medals in 1865, 1869, and 1874. Works : Ruben' Studio, Characters from Victor Hugo's Poems (1847); Sermon in Provence, Visit of the Amateurs, Profession of Arms (1857); Rembrandt in his Studio, Messire Josue's Pew in Church, Amateurs *visiting, Page amusing Himself (1859) ; Artist …
HERSENT, LOUIS, born in Paris, March 10, 1777, died there, Oct. 2, 1860. Genre, history, and portrait painter, pupil of Regnault. Took his first subjects from Greek mythology, like David and Girodet, but later also treated historical genre. After 1824 confined himself to portrait painting. Won the 2d grand prize in 1797 ; L. of Honour, 1819 ; Member of Institute, 1823 ; professor, 1825. Works : Na…
LOO, LOUIS MICHEL VAN, born at Toulon, March 2, 1707, died in Paris, March 20, 1771. French school ; history and portrait painter, son and pupil of Jean Baptiste ; won in 1725 the grand prix de Rome, and on his return to Paris was received into the Academy in 1733, and became adjunct professor in 1735. On the death of Bane he was appointed court-painter by Philip V. of Spain, who bestowed many hon…
GIORDANO, LUCA, called Fa-Presto, born in Naples in 1632, died there, Jan. 12, 1705. Neapolitan school ; son of Antonio Giordano, a poor painter, who taught him design; studied nine years with Spagnoletto, then went to Rome and became pupil and assistant of Pietro da Cortona for three years. Visited Bologna, Parma, Venice, and other cities, making many copies of the piet, urea of the great masters…
CRANACH, LUCAS, the elder, born at the Emperor Maximilian. Cranach was court painter to three successive Electors, Frederic the Wise, John the Constant, and Frederic the Magnanimous, whose captivity he shared after the Battle of Mahlberg, at Augsburg, where he met and painted Titian in October, 1552. The latter part of his life was spent at Weimar, where he commenced to paint one of his finest pic…
UDEN, LUCAS VAN, born in Antwerp, Oct. 18, 1595, died there, Nov. 4, 1672 Flemish school ; landscape painter, son and probably pupil of Artus van Uden (master of Antwerp guild in 1587. died in oped under the influence of Rubens, in whose pictures, as well as in those of Teniers, he often painted the backgrounds, while both masters supplied his landscapes with figures. Master of the guild in 16262…
LUCRETIA, Alexandre Cabanel, Samuel Hawk Collection, New York ; canvas, IL 7 ft. x 4 ft. Lucretia, seated at her loom, is surprised at the return of Sextus Tarquinius, who, leaning upon the back of her chair, asks her hospitality. - Photogravure in Art Treasures of America, ii. 27. By Albrecht Darer, Munich Gallery ; wood, H. 5 ft. 2 in. x 2 ft. 4 in.; signed, dated 1518. Lucretia, nude, life-size…
LUCRETIA AND TARQUIN, Guido Cagnacci, Accademia di S. Luca, Rome. Lucretia, nude, on a couch, resists Tarquin, who holds her with his left hand and threatens her with a dagger in his right ; in background, an old slave as sentinel. Formerly in secret Museum of the Capitol Cagnacci's masterpiece. Many copies, and often engraved. By Luca Giordano, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 4. ft. 3 in. x 5 ft. 11…
CIGOLI, LUDOVICO CARDI DA, born at Cigoli, near Florence, Sept. 21, 1559, died in Rome, June 8, 1613. Florentine school Real name Cardi, but commonly called after his native village ; pupil of Alessandro Allori and of Santi di Tito, but formed his style chiefly from study of the works of Correggio and Barocci. Sometimes called the Correggio of Tuscany ; but, though some of his works are Correggesq…
ELSHOLTZ, LUDWIG, born in Berlin, June 2, 1805, died there, Feb. 3, 1850. Genre and battle painter, pupil of Berlin Academy and of Franz Kruger. Works : Battle of Leipsic (1833); Battle of Dennewits ; Farewell on Battlefield ; Scene from Battle of Bautzen ; Noon-Day Rest during Harvest ; Entry of Allies into Paris ; Civic Guard ; Beginning of Skirmish (1834), National Gallery, Berlin. - Allgem. d.…
HAGN, LUDWIG (KARL HEINRICH) VON, born in Munich, Nov. 23, 1820. Genre painter, pupil in Berlin of Krause, then of Munich and Antwerp Academies, at the latter under Wappers, and in 1847-50 at Brussels of Eugene de Block ; lived then suc cessively in Brussels, Berlin (1850-53), where by the pictures of Menzel and those in the palaces at Potsdam and Sans Souci he was led to the cultivation of rococ…
QUERENA, LUIGI, born in Italy ; contemporary. Landscape, architecture, and battle painter, son of preceding ; imitates Canaletto. Works : Old Sacristy of the Certosa at Pavia ; Interior of S. Niccolt? dei Mendicoli ; Bacchanal on Lago Maggiore ; Battle of S. Martino, Regatta on Canale Grande in 1782 ; Bull-Fight in Court-Yard of Palazzo Ducale in 1696 ; Pope Pius VL returning from Vienna ; Fight o…
VIVARINI, LUIGI, the younger, Venetian school, last of 15th century, died in 1503 ? He was a kinsman of Bartolommeo Vivarini, and probably studied either under him or with Antonio da Murano, his elder brother. His style for many years is marked with the Muranese stamp, but when Bartolommeo's powers began to decline, Luigi crept up gradually to an imitation of the Bellini, and in many qualities soo…
MORALES, LUIS DE, called El DiN iuu (The Divine), born at Badajoz about 1509, died there in 1586. Spanish school ; studied probably in Toledo or Valladolid, and passed his life in painting devotional subjects for churches and oratories. His works, which are all on panel, show careful drawing, correct anatomy, and fine gradations of demi-tints, and his heads are finished with the fastidious care of…
MACRINO D'ALBA, born at Alba, died before 1528. Real name Giovanni Jacopo (Giangiacomo) Fava ; also called de Alladio. Piedmontese school, history painter ; probably studied in Milan, flourished about 1500 and worked at Alba, Asti, and Turin. An excellent painter, of great expressiveness in his countenances, brilliant colouring, masterly treatment of details, fine feeling for chiaroscuro, and soli…
MADONNA, Mariotto Albertinelli, Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge ; wood, signed, dated 1509. The Virgin, with a pomegra nate in her hand, holds the Child standing on a parapet ; John Baptist, with the reed cross, looks on ; a bird pecks food ; vase of flowers on wall. Much repainted. - Meyer, Kunst. Lex., 1. 222 ; C. & C., Italy, iii. 487. By Fra Bartolornmeo, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; wood, signed…
MADONNA DELLA ROSA (of the Rose), Parmigianino, Dresden Gallery ; wood, H. 4 ft. x 3 ft. 2 in. The Infant Jesus reclining and resting one hand upon the globe of the earth, holds in the other a rose apparently just received from the Virgin. Painted, according to Vasari, for Pietro Aretino, the poet, but presented to Clement VII. on his visit to Bologna (1529) to crown Charles V.; afterwards in hand…
MADONNA DELLA SEDIA (of the Chair) or Seggiola (Little Chair), Raphael, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; wood, round, 2 ft. 6 in. diameter. The Virgin, seated in a chair, clasps Jesus to her bosom with both arms, leaning her head against his ; at right, Infant St. John, with hands clasped in adoration. Painted in Rome in 1516-17, entirely by hand of Raphael. In Pitti Gallery since 1539 ; mentioned in cat…
MADONNA DEL ROSARIO (of the Rosary), Michelangelo da Caravaggio, Vienna Museum ; figures more than life-size. Virgin enthroned ; SS. Dominick and Peter Martyr distributing crowns of roses to people. Van Dyck is said by Rosa (Pictures of Vienna Gal., 1796, i. 108) to have painted in the head of the donor. By Domenichino,Bologna Gallery ; canvas, H. 14 ft. 8 in. x 8 ft. 9 in. Called also II Rosario.…
MADONNA DE' RUC-ET:LAT, Cimabue, 5 M. Novella, Florence ; wood, gabled, H. 13 ft. 7 in. x 8 ft. 11 in. The Virgin, with Jesus on her lap, sitting on a chair which is borne by six angels kneeling, three on each side, one above another ; frame ornamented with 30 small medallions with heads of saints. Painted about 1267 for the Cap pello, de' Rucellai, in S. M. Novella. It was the largest altarpiece…
MADONNA DI FOLIGNO (also Vierge au Donataire), Raphael, Vatican, Rome ; wood transferred to canvas, H. 9 ft. 5 in. x 6 ft. 2 in. Virgin, seated on clouds, and surrounded by half-length angels, embraces Jesus beside her ; both look down on a kneeling votary, Sigismondi Conti, first secretary to Julius 11, who is presented by St. Jerome on right ; on left, St. Francis, kneeling, and behind him, St. …
MADONNA DI SAN SISTO (of St. Sixtus), Raphael, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 9 ft. 10 in. x 7 ft. 5 in. The Virgin, with the Child in her arms, standing on clouds, within a glory of cherubim, between two green curtains which are looped back at the sides ; at the left, St. Sixtus (Pope Sixtus 11), in a white tunic and gold-coloured pallium turned back with purple, kneels in supplication ; on the rig…
MADONNA DIU CANDELABRI (of the Candelabras) or DEI FIACCOLE (of the Torches), Raphael, Butler-Johnstone Collection, London ; round, wood, 2 ft. 1 in. diameter. The Virgin, with Jesus on her knees, her eyes downcast, is looking toward the spectator. On each side an angel holding a torch. These are later additions, not by Raphael. The principal figures have been much restored, but show admirable dra…
MADONNA IN ADORATION, Francesco Francia, Munich Gallery ; wood, H. 5 ft. 4 in. x 4 ft.; signed. The Virgin standing, adoring the infant lying on ground before her in a garden of roses. Painted about 1500 ; in Mantuan collection till 1786 ; belonged, about 1800, to Baron St. Saphorin, Danish envoy at Vienna ; afterwards in gallery of Empress Josephine at Mahnaison, whence bought in 1815. Copies in …
MADONNA IN GLORY, AND SAINTS, Francesco Albani, Bologna Gallery ; canvas, H. 9 ft. 2 in. x 6 ft. 3 in. The Virgin and Child in glory, surrounded by boy angels ; below, SS. John Baptist, Matthew, and Francis, and an angel. From church of the Capuchins in S. Giovanni in Persiceto. Engraved by A. Marchi. - Pinac. di Bologna, Pl. 54. By Annibale Carracci, Bologna Gallery ; canvas, H. 7 ft. 11 in. x 5 …
MADONNA OF ST. GEORGE, Correggio, Dresden Gallery ; wood, H. 10 ft. 1 in. x 6 ft. 8 in. The Virgin, with Jesus on her lap, enthroned in a chapel, through the arch of which is seen a landscape ; below, on one side, St. George in armour, with his foot on the dragon's head, and behind him St. Peter Martyr ; on the other side, St. John Baptist, and behind him St. Geminianus receiving the model of the…
MADONNA OF THE OAK. See Holy Family - del Lagarto. of her dress with both hands, and looks towards the spectator. In the background, a shelf on which are earthen vessels and a straw-plaited flask. These accessories are attributed by some to David Teniers. Probably painted in Urbino (1506 ?) for Duke Guidobaldo I.; disappeared at the breaking up of the ducal establishment in 1631 ; owned by Due d'…
MADONNA WITH ANGELS, Cimabue, Florence Academy ; wood, H. 12 ft. x 8 ft. 2 in. The Virgin, with Jesus on her arm in the act of benediction, on a throne supported by eight angels ; the throne rests on niched supports, in which stand the four prophets who foretold Christ's coming. Painted for the Badia of S. Tzinita, Florence. One of Cimabue's earliest extant works ; style still closely Byzantine. -…
MADONNA WITH SAINTS, Francesco Albani, Bologna Gallery ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 3 in. x 3 ft. 4 in.; dated 1599. The Virgin, with Jesus in her arms, enthroned, between SS. Mary Magdalen and Catherine. Formerly in SS. Fabian() e Sebastiano, Bologna. Engraved by Rosaspina. - Pinac. di Bologna, PL 5. By Mariotto Albertinelli, Florence Academy ; wood, oil, figures life-size ; signed. The Virgin and Child, e…
MADONNA WITH ST. JOHN, Anton van Dyck, Munich Gallery ; wood, H. 4 ft. 7 in. x 3 ft. 7 in. The Virgin, half-length, standing, bolds Jesus standing on an architectural fragment ; at left, St. John, half-length, offers a scroll. - Munich GaL, PL 55; Eastlake, Notes, 68. By Giulio Romano, Louvre ; wood, H. 11 in. x 10 in. The Virgin, seated, with Jesus in her arms ; behind, to right, Infant St. John,…
MADONNA WITH ST. ANNA, Leonardo da Vinci, Louvre ; wood, H. 5 ft. 6 in. x 4 ft. 3 in. The Virgin, seated on St. Anna's knees, leans forward to take Jesus, who is caressing a lamb ; background, a mountainous country. Said to have been bought by Francis L, who had it hung in his oratory. If so, it found its way back to Italy, for it was purchased there in 1629 by Cardinal Richelieu, after whose deat…
MAGDALEN, Pompeo Battoni, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 4 ft. x 6 ft. 1 in. Reclining in the obscurity of a cave, the mouth of which is seen at right ; she leans upon her elbows, her hands clasped, and reads from a book which rests upon a skull at her left side ; drapery blue, leaving bare her feet, arms, and right shoulder. A favourite picture, often copied. Engraved by J. S. Bach ; Gins. Came-rat…
BASAITI, MARCO, born about 1450, died after 1520. Venetian school Born in Venice of Greek parents, according to Vasari, but according to others a native of Friuli. He laboured in Venice between 1490 and 1520, and was probably a scholar and assistant of Luigi Vivarini, though he differed much from him. After the death of Luigi (1503), he finished his Apotheosis of &Ambrose in the Frari, Venice, wit…
GRONVOLD, MARCUS, born at Bergen, Norway, July 5, 1845. Portrait and genre painter, pupil of Copenhagen and of Munich Academies, and studied from 1870 to 1878 under Wilhelm Diez, Otto Seitz, and Piloty ; won several medals, visited Italy in 1874, Berlin and Dusseldorf in 1876, and Paris in 1878 ; member of jury at Dusseldorf Exhibition in 1880. Works : The Burgomaster ; Consolation ; Uninvited Gue…
MEDICI, MARIA DE', DEATH OF, Nicaise de Keyser, National Gallery, Berlin ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 6 in. x 5 ft. 5 in.; signed, dated 1845. Maria de' Medici, queen of King Henry IV. of France, on her deathbed, one hand upon the crucifix, the other holding a medallion with the portrait of her son Louis X111.; near by stands a nun carrying a candle ; in the foreground, beside the bed, a Dominican in prayer…
MARIUS AT CARTHAGE, Leon Cogniet, Luxembourg Museum ; canvas, H. 10 ft. 5 in. x 14 ft. Marius, fleeing from the pursuit of Sulla, landed at Carthage, where a message was sent him by the ruling prretor commanding him to leave the country. " Tell the praetor," said he to the messenger, " that you have seen Caius Marius a fugitive sitting on the ruins of Carthage," thus comparing his own changed fort…
MARRIAGE A. LA MODE, Hogarth, National Gallery, London ; six pictures, canvas, each H. 2 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft. 11 in. A series representing profligacy in high life, or the effects of a marriage in which rank and wealth are the sources of attraction. The peer is neglectful and profligate, the lady faithless ; the husband is killed in a duel by her paramour, who is hanged for the murder, and the suicide…
MARRIAGE AT CANA [John ii. 1-12], Moretto, S. Fermo, Lonigo ; canvas, life-size. Christ at the table is surrounded by the guests, who wonder as the drawer orders the wine to be poured into a fresh flask. Painted about 1544 ; in refectory of convent till 1819, when removed to choir of church. Worthy to be placed beside the Feast in the House of Simon. Unfortunately much injured. - C. & C., N. Italy…
MARS AND VENUS, Luca Giordano, Louvre ; canvas, H. 2 ft. x 2 ft. 6 in. Mars about to leave Venus, who is reclining, nude, on a couch ; at right, two women arrange the toilette of the goddess ; at left, a cupid plays with a dog ; another is on a globe, around which is twined a serpent ; in background, Vulcan working at his forge. Engraved by Pierron ; Sixdeniers. - Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Musi:e roya…
MARSEUS VAN SCHRICK, OTHO, born at Nymwegen about 1619, died at Amsterdam in June, 1678. Dutch school; still-life painter ; excelled in the representation of plants, insects, and reptiles, which he painted , with great truth and careful detail. He visited England, France, where he painted for the queen mother, and Italy ; was long in the service of the Grand Duke of Tuscany ; lived at Rome and Na…
KNOLLER, MARTIN, born at Steinach, Tyrol, Nov. 8, 1725, died in Milan, July 24, 1804. History and portrait painter, first instructed by an obscure artist in Innsbruck, then pupil of Paul Troger, who accidentally discovered his talent in passing through Steinach on his return from Italy in 1745, and took him to Vienna. Having obtained the great prize at the Academy in 1753, returned to Tyrol, and a…
SCHOUMAN, MARTINUS, born at Dordrecht, baptized Jan. 31, 1770, died at Breda, Oct. 30, 1848. Marine painter, pupil of Michiel Versteeg, and afterwards of his uncle, Aart Schouman (1710-92). Works : Explosion of Gunboat near Antwerp, Expedition to Palembang - Sumatra, Amsterdam Museum ; Tempestuous Sea (2), Haarlem Museum ; Marine, Raczynski Gallery, Berlin ; Departure of French from Dordrecht, Bom…
MASOLINO DA PANICALE, born at Panicale in 1383, died in Florence in Oct. (buried, 18th), 1440. Florentine school ; real name Tommaso di Cristofano di Fino ; pupil of Gherardo da Stamina, and probably master of Masaccio. Vasari confounds him with Maso di Cristoforo Braccii, and his account is therefore untrustworthy. Masolino had no hand in the famous frescos of the Brancacci Chapel. He was admitte…
MASSACRE OF INNOCENTS, Garofalo, Ferrara Gallery wood, H. 8 ft. x 6 ft. 3 in. Painted in 1519 for Cappella Festini in S. Francesco, Ferrara. Highly praised by Vasari. - Vasari, ed. Mil., vi. 464 ; Baruffaldi, i. 326. By Guido Reni, Bologna Gallery ; canvas, H. 8 ft. 2 in. x 5 ft. 3 in. Herod's soldiers slaying children in a court ; above, two boy angels with palms. Fine colour and action, but too…
MASSYS (Matsys, Messys, Metsys), JAN, born in Antwerp about 1509, died before Oct. 8, 1575. Flemish school ; son and pupil of Quinten, whose realistic style and subjects he imitated, degenerating, however, into coarser treatment and, into great feebleness in every respect, especially in his later pictures. Free of Antwerp guild in 1531. Was exiled for heresy in 1544, but returned to Antwerp a few …
MASTER OF DEATH OF THE VIRGIN, flourished in Cologne first half of 16th century, died there, 1556. German school ; painter of many altarpieces and portraits, identified by some writers with Jan Joest, though possibly his pupil, as he worked long after the death of that master, whose style is traceable in his early pictures. His later works resemble those of Quinten Massys and Mabuse so closely tha…
MERIAN, MATTHAUS, the younger, born at Basle, Switzerland, in 1621, died in Frankfort, Feb. 15, 1687. History and portrait painter, son of the engraver Mattlaus the elder (1593-1650) ; pupil in Frankfort of Joachim von Sandrart, with whom, in 1637, be went to Amsterdam and in 1640 to England, where he took Van Dyck for his model ; then visited the Netherlands, Paris, and Rome, where he studied aft…
LA TOUR, MAURICE QUENTIN DE, born at Saint-Quentin (Aisne), Sept. 5, 1704, died there, Feb. 17, 1788. French school ; portrait painter in pastel, pupil in Paris of Spoede, an obscure artist ; probably in 1722 he went to Rheims, and thence to Cambrai, where, during the Congress of 1724, he rapidly won a reputation and the favour of the English ambassador, who took him to London ; equally successful…
GIERYMSKI, MAX, born at Warsaw, Oct. 15, 1846, died at Reichenhall, Bavaria, Sept. 16, 1874. Landscape and genre painter, pupil of Munich Academy under Alexander Wagner, then of Franz Adam, and later led to landscape by Eduard Schleich. GIESSMANN A visit to Posen in 1872, to Meran in 1873, and to Rome in the winter of 1873-4, failed to restore his health, broken by privations undergone in Poland d…
MELANTHRJS (Melanthus), painter of the Sicyonian school ; pupil of Pamphilus, about 332 ac. He was a fellow-student of Apelles, by whom he was considered superior to himself in composition. Pliny says (xxxv. 32-[50]), he was one of the four great painters (the others being Apelles, Echion, and Nicomachus) who executed their immortal works with four colours only, white, yellow, red, and black. The …
MELOZZO DA FORLI, born at Forli, June 6, 1438, died there, Nov. 8, 1494. Umbrian school ; contemporary of Mantegna, whose influence he may have felt, but owed his advancement to Piero della Francesca, of whom he was perhaps a pupil. He had, however, a higher sense of beauty and of dramatic life, and his draperies are richer and more ample than those of Piero, who excelled him in colour. Melozzo wa…
MEMLING (Memlinc, Memmelinck, Hemling), HANS, born about 1425, died at Bruges between Dec. 1, 1492, and Dec. 10, 1495. Flemish school ; history painter, probably pupil of Rogier van der Weyden; was settled at Bruges in 1478, perhaps since 1471, if not before. According to a popular legend, Memling was admitted as a sick soldier into the Hospital of St. John, Bruges, after the battle of Nancy, and…
METSSONIER, (JEAN LOUIS) ERNEST, born in Lyons, Feb. 21, 1815. Genre painter, went in 1830 to Paris, where he was for four months the pupil of Leon Cogniet ; but he formed himself chiefly by study ing the works of the old masters, especially of the Dutch school. He first became known as an illustrator of books, such as "Paul et Virginie," " Chaumiere indienne " (1838), "Lea Francais peints par eu…
MEYERHEIM, (FRIEDRICH) E D A R D, born in Dantzic, Jan. 7, 1808, died in Berlin, Jan. 18, 1879. Genre painter, first instructed by his father, then pupil of Berlin Academy ; took his subjects chiefly from peasant life in the Hartz Mountains and Thuringia. Member of Berlin Academy in 1836, professor in 1855. Medals : 1848, 1850, 1855 ; Bavarian Order of Michael, 1859 ; Prussian Order of Red Eagle.…
HOBBEMA, MEYNDERT (Minderhout), born at Koeverden or at Amsterdam (?) in 1638, died at Amsterdam, buried Dec. 14, 1709. Dutch school ; landscape painter, formed himself under the influence of Jacob van RuisdaeL Much neglected in his life-time, and little esteemed, this painter now takes rank as one of the greatest masters of landscape art, thanks to the initiative of England, where nine-tenths of …
CARAVAGGIO, MICHELANGELO DA, born at Caravaggio in 1569, died at Porto mason ; employed in Milan to mix plaster for fresco painters, and learned to paint by watching them. Went to Venice and studied works of Giorgione; thence to Rome, where he aided Cesare d'Arpino in painting ornamental parts of his pictures. The novelty of his style, an energetic but coarse rendering of nature, without selectio…
MICHELANGELO DELLS BATTAGLIE. See Cerquozzi. returned to his father's house and devoted himself to anatomical studies, but feeling bound by ties of gratitude to the Medici, he accepted the invitation of Piero de' Medici, and resided in his palace until 1494. His departure for Venice, shortly before Piero's expulsion, closes the first period in his life, during which he probably painted a Depositio…
MICHELE DA VERONA, died May 15, 1525. Venetian school ; one of his earliest known works, the Crucifixion, in S. Stefano, Milan, dated 1500, is in many respects a copy of Jacopo Bellini. As he repeated the same subject on a vast scale in S. M. in Vanzo, Padua (dated 1505), it is likely that he had some share in the series which adorns the school (Scuola) of the Santo. He was again in Verona in 1509…
MIELE, wiLHELK born at Buchen, in the Odenwald, in 1830. Battle painter, pupil in Munich of Feodor Dietz, studied afterwards in Antwerp and Paris. His pict ures are good in colour and show thorough knowledge of military details. Since 1861 he has resided in Vienna. Works : Battle of Stockach, Assault on Heidelberg Bridge (1857) ; Skirmish near Aldenhoven (1859) ; Episode in Battle of Aspern (1860)…
MIJZIANO (Mutiano), GIRO LA M 0, born at Acquafredda in 1530, died in Rome, April 27, 1592. Venetian school ; pupil of Girolamo Romanino at Brescia, but went young to Venice to study the works of Titian. When about twenty years old he went to Rome, where his talent won him the friendship of Michelangelo and Taddeo Zucchero, with whom he painted many works. Muziano was superintendent of the decora…
CROSS, MIRACLE OF, Gentile Bellini, Venice Academy ; canvas, H. 10 ft. 6 in. x 13 ft. 9 in.; signed, dated 1500. A relic of the true cross, borne in procession, is lost in the water while crossing a bridge ; many seek it in vain, but it is at last found by Doge Andrea Vendramin ; Catherine Cornaro, ex-Queen of Cyprus, and her suite, are among the kneeling' pectators on the left ; the foremost one …
MlJNARI. See Pellegrino da Modena. his works found great favour ; in 1876 he be. gan to take his subjects from Paris life, and with his Milton entered upon a new field, adopting also a new method of colouring. Medals : Paris, 1870 ; 2d class, 1874 ; of Honour, 1878 ; Vienna, 1882 ; L. of Honour, 1877 ; Officer, 1878 ; Member of Munich Academy, 1881. Works : Proposal ; Easter ; The Bride ; Last Day…
SCHWIND, MORITZ VON, Ritter, born in Vienna, Jan. 21, 1804, died in Munich, Feb. 8, 1871. History painter, pupil in Vienna of Ludwig Schnorr and of the AcadSCHWINGEN t h e Konigsbau with encaustic pictures, in 1834 -35 painted sixty compositions in water-colours for Castle Hohenschwangau, visited Rome in 1835, lived in Carlaruhe in 1840-44, in Frankfort in 1844-47, and became professor at the Mun…
MOSES AND CROWN OF PHARAOH, Nicolas Poussin, Louvre ; canvas, H. 3 ft. x 4 ft. 2 in. Ina hall of his palace, Pharaoh half reclining on a couch, and the young Moses, standing, with the king's crown under his feet ; at left, Thermutis, seated with four of her women, one of whom shields Moses with her arms, while another holds points towards the child in a basket, which a man has just taken from the …
MOSES STRIKING THE ROCK (Ezorard, Sartain. Sketch : Earl of Normanton, Somerby, Hants, Eng. - Curtis, 115, 122. By Nicolas Poussin, Bridgewater House, London ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 3 in. x 4 ft 5 in. An open country with trees and rocky mountain at right, near which are Moses and Aaron, the latter addressing the people and pointing to the miraculous flow of water. Painted in Rome for K Chantelon, when…
MOSTAERT (Mostert), JAN, born in Haarlem in 1474, died there in 1555 or 1556. Dutch school ; history painter, pupil of Jacob Janszen of Haarlem ; influenced by Gerard David. The first documentary evidence of his employment as a painter is dated 1500, the latest 1549, when he went to Hoorn to paint an altarpiece. He was painter to Margaret of Austria for eighteen years. His art shows a close affini…
MTiLLE.K CHARLES (LOUIS), called Muller of Paris, born in Paris, Dec. 22, 1815. History and portrait painter, pupil of Cogniet, Gros, and the gcole des Beaux Arts. Paints historical scenes with skill. Medals : 3d class, 1838 ; 2d class, 1846 ; 1st class, 1848, 1855 ; L. of Honour, 1849 ; Officer, 1859 ; Member Institute, 1864. Works : Day after the Nativity (1837) ; Martyrdom of St. Bartholomew (1…
MTLTY,T, JEAN FRANcOIS, born at Gre vile (Manche), Oct. 4,1814, died at Barbizon (Seine-et-Marne), Jan. 20, 187 5. Genre painter, pupil of Mouchel and of Langlois in Cherbourg and of Delaroche in Paris. A peasant himself in origin ; his representations of peasant life were painted with simple, earnest feeling and a comprehension of its pathos such as no other painter has reached. His best work be…
MURILLO, portrait, Murillo, Francis Cook, Richmond Hill, Surrey ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. Bust, about forty years old, in black habit with lace collar, thick mustache, and long chin whiskers, his right hand flat on his breast - Curtis, 296. By Murillo, Baron Seilliere, Paris ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 6 in. x 2 ft. 6 in. Bust, about fifty years old, with long hair falling on both shoulders, slight …
NATIVITY, Annibale Carracci, Louvre ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 4 in. x 2 ft. 9 in. The Child lying in the manger adored by the Virgin, St. Joseph, angels, and shepherds kneeling ; above, the open heavens disclose a choir of angels and cherubim. Collection of Louis XIV.; bought in 1685 for 2,800 livres. Engraved by Forster ; P. S. Bartoli. - Villot, Cat. Louvre ; Mus6e royal, ii.; Landon, Mu-the, ii. Pl. 7…
NAUSICAA AND HER MAIDENS, Edward J. Poynter, Earl of Wharncliffe, Wortley Hall ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 10 in. x 14 ft. 6 in. Nausicita, daughter of Alcinous, MAVARRETE Bing of the Pheeacians and friend of Ulysses (Odyssey, vi. 16, etc.), playing at ball with her maidens on a green sward near the seashore. Companion to Atalanta's Race, and with it forming two of four subjects of similar size and shape e…
NEEFFS (Neefs, Neffs, Nefs), PEETER, the elder, born probably in Antwerp between 1578 and 1582, died there after Feb. 26, 1656. Flemish school ; unrivalled painter of church interiors ; best pupil of Hendrik van Steenwyck, the elder ; entered the Antwerp Guild in 1609. The figures in his pictures generally by Frans Francken IEL, Teniers, Brueghel, and Van Thulden. This painter had great knowledge …
NERO PERSECUTING CHRISTIANS, Wilhelm von Kaulbach. The Emperor, clad as Apollo, is standing on a terrace before his palace, lifting with his right hand a goblet ; a favourite slave, kneeling, holds his lyre, while a host of voluptuous Greek and Roman women come with wreaths and cymbals to proclaim him their god and to sacrifice to him ; at his right, Tigellinus, prefect of Rome, applauds him ; but…
NEST, born at Grenoble, Nov. 3, 1817. Genre painter, pupil of David d'Angers and Paul Delaroche. Abandoned the law for painting on account of the success of a picture sent to the Salon, which was bought by the govern went. Won the grand prix de Rome in 1839. Made repeated visits to Italy. His style is poetical, but often too sentimental. Medals : 1st class, 1851 and 1855 ; 2d class, 1867 ; L. of H…
NIBELUNGEN-LIED, Julius Schnorr von Karolsfeld, Royal Palace, Munich. Series of frescos on walls and ceilings of several halls. Painted in 1830-51. L Entrance Hall. Over door : The laurel-crowned poet of the lay, pen in hand, NICAARCHITS and two boys holding book and inkstand respectively ; below, a crone and a bearded old man on one side, and a maiden playing the harp, with a boy, on the other, t…
KEYSER, NICAISE DE, born at Sandvliet, near Antwerp, Aug. 26, 1813. History and genre painter, pupil of Joseph Jacops (born in 1803), and of Antwerp Academy under M. J. van Bree ; completed his studies in travels through Italy, France, Germany, and England ; painted at first biblical Alms, The Giaour, Marino Falieri, Milton dictating Paradise Lost, Dante at the Convent-gate, Last Moments of Karl M…
ALUNNO, NICCOLO, born at Foligno in 1430 ? died Aug. 1502 ; Umbrian school ; son of a painter at Foligno, and pupil of Bartolommeo di Tommaso, through whose assistant, Benozzo Gozzoli, the scholar of Fra Angelico, his early style was affected by that Florentine influence which they brought to bear upon Umbria. Later his pictures give evidence of a North Italian influence, shown in the increased ac…
ABBATE, NICCOLO DELL', born in Modena about 1512, died in Paris in 1570. Lombard school; son of a painter named Giovanni (died at Modena, 1559), but whether Abbate is the family name, or a patronymic derived from Abba or Abate, a village in the territory of Reggio, or was adopted by Niccol6 in recognition of his master the Abate Primaticcio, is still uncertain, although it has been much discussed.…
NICIAS, Greek painter, Theban-Attic school ; pupil of Antidolus, first part of 4th century s.c. He preferred large subjects, thinking it waste skill and labour to paint small objects, such as birds and flowers. He excelled in aerial perspective and in chiaro-oscuro ; was famous for his female figures, and very happy in his pictures of dogs. Pliny says (xxxv. 20) he was the first who used usta (bur…
MENEMAN, NICOLAAS, born at Amore foort, Jan. 1, 1810, died at Amsterdam, Dec. 29, 1860. History and portrait painter, son and pupil of preceding, and one of the best Dutch artists of modern times ; skilful grouping, powerful colouring, and a happy distribution of light and shade make his historical paintings very effective. Visited England, France, Germany, and Belgium. Member of Amsterdam Acade…
MONACHESI, NICOLA, born at Tolentino, Italy, in 1795, died in Philadelphia, Pa., in 1851. History and portrait painter, pupil of the Accademia di S. Luca, Rome, under Gasparo Landi, where he won the first prize for painting. In 1831 he emigrated to America, made his home in Philadelphia, and soon after became a naturalized citizen. Among his earliest patrons were Stephen Girard, Madam Rush, and Jo…
TAUNAY, NICOLAS ANTOINE, born in Paris, Feb. 10, 1755, died there, March 20, 1830. History and landscape painter, pupil of Brenet, Casanova, and L6picie. Won grand prix de Rome in 1784, and spent three years there with the help of his patron, M. Angiviller. Won grand medal, and became member of Academy in 1796. Medal, 1803 ; L. of Honour ; Order of Christ in Portugal. In 1816 he went with TAURISCU…
GAL1MARD, NICOLAS AUGUSTE, born in Paris, March 25, 1813, died at Montignyle-Cormeilles (Seine-et-Oise), Jan. 17, 1880. Genre painter, fellow pupil with Ingres under A. Hesse. Medals : 3d class, 1835 ; 2d class, 1846. Works : Lady of the Castle in the 16th century ; Holy Women at the Tomb of Christ (1835); Liberty leaning on Christ (1836); NausicaA (1841); Angel (1845); Ode (1846), Luxembourg Muse…
POUSSIN, NICOLAS, born at Andelys, way in 1624 to Rome, where he studied nature and the antique with the sculptor Duquesnoy ; married the daughter of Jacques Dughet, and adopted his son Gaspard, who took his name and afterwards rivalled him in fame as a painter ; painted for Cardinal Barberini, and remained until 1640, when Louis XUL sent M. de Chanteloup to bring him back to France. Although the …
WLEUGHELS, NICOLAS, born in Paris, baptized Dec. 11, 1668, died in Rome, Dec. 5, 1737. Flemish and French schools ; history and genre painter, son and pupil of Philippe Wleughels (born at Antwerp about 1622, died in Paris, buried March 23, 1694, pupil of Cornelis Schut) ; then studied under Pierre Mignard, went to Italy in 1694, and after a sojourn of two years in Rome and Venice returned to Paris…
MANUEL, NICOLAUS, called Deutsch, born in Berne about 1484, died there, April 30, 1530. German school ; history painter, about whose artistic training nothing is known. His family name was Alleman, of which Deutsch is a translation. Elected member of the Great Senate of Berne in as a painter, poet, soldier, and statesman. Painted many monumental mural decorations. There are many drawings in the Ba…
SIMONSEN, NIELS, born in Copenhagen, Dec. 10, 1807, died there, Dec. 12, 1885. History painter, pupil of Copenhagen Academy, where he first took up painting, then sculpture, and, on failing to obtain the large gold medal, returned to painting. Studied in Munich in 1833 ; visited Tyrol and Italy, and in 1839 Algiers ; settled in Copenhagen in 1845 ; took part in the Schleswig wars of 1848 and 1864 …
NIQIIE, born at Montauban (Tarn-etGaronne), Aug. 29, 1780, died in Paris, Jan. 14, 1867. History and portrait painter, pupil of Roques in Toulouse, and of David in Paris (1796); won the second grand prix in 1800, and the grand prix de Rome in 1801, but being unable to go to Italy on account of the war he spent the next five years in Paris studying the pictures in the Louvre, supporting himself me…
NOLI ME TANGERE (Touch me not), Mariotto Albertinelli, Louvre ; canvas, H. 1 ft. 11 in. x 1 ft. 6 in. Mary Magdalen kneels before Christ ; in middle distance, at left, Christ leaving the sepulchre. Painted about 1490-1500. Shows influence of Fra Bartolommeo. From Collection of Louis XIV. - Cat. Louvre. By Correggio, Madrid Museum ; wood, H. 4 ft. 3 in. x 3 ft. 3 in. Jesus and Mary Magdalen. Presen…
OCHTERVELT (Uchtervelt), JACOB, born at Rotterdam (?), flourished there second half of 17th century, died before 1710. Genre painter, supposed pupil of Frans van Mieris, the elder, though also said to have frequented the studio of Berchem at the same time as Pieter de Hooch, and apparently influenced by Metsu and Terburg ; mentioned as member of Rotterdam Guild in 1667-72. Works : Lady and Fish-Se…
OCTAVE, born in Paris, July 26, 1800, died there, by suicide, April 22, 1874. History and portrait painter, pupil of Pierre Girard, Guillon Lethiere, and of the gcole des Beaux Arts. Medals : 2d class, 1838; 1st class, 1849 ; 3d class, Exposition universelle, 1855. Works : Death of Correggio (1834) ; Vicar of Wakefield (1835) ; Death of HeloYse (1838) ; Diana at the Bath (1842) ; Christ in the Gar…
ODERIGI D'AGOBBIO, or ODERISIO, of Gubbio, died in Rome about 1299. Bolognese school ; a miniature painter, of Gubbio in 1264-65, at Bologna in 1268, and at Rome in 1295. Rescued from oblivion by Dante, who calls him in the Purgatorio (xi. 79) Agobbio's glory. Vasari says he lived in close friendship with Giotto in Rome. No certain pictures by him are known to exist, but the miniatures in two mass…
OPIE (Oppy), JOHN, born at St. Agnes, near Truro, Cornwall, May, 1761, died in London, April 9, 1807. Son of a carpenter ; began to paint when ten years old and sold portraits at sixteen. About 1780 he went to London, heralded by Dr. John Wolcot (Peter Pindar) as the Cornish Genius, was introduced to Sir Joshua Reynolds, and became the wonder of the hour ; but as his popularity was based upon adm…
ORPHEUS AND EITRYDICE, Nicolas Poussin, Louvre ; canvas, H. 4 ft. x 6 ft. 6 in. In a landscape, with the river Peneus in middleground, a city and mountains in background, Orpheus, seated at right, sings to his lyre, while three nymphs listen ; near by, Eurydice, culling flowers, is stung by a serpent. Painted in 1659 (?). Collection of Louis XIV. Engraved by E. Baudet (1701) ; Desaulx and Bovinet …
ACHENBACH, OSWALD, born in Dusseldorf, Feb. 2, 1827. Landscape painter, brother and pupil of Andreas, but his conception of nature is more ideal. Visited the Bavarian Alps at an early period, and went to Switzerland and Italy in 1845, 1850, and 1851. His representations of southern scenery and of peculiar atmospheric effects are of rare excellence. Medals : Paris, 3d class, 1859 ; 2d class, 1861, …
OTTO, born in Florence, Oct. 13, 1474, died there, Nov. 5, 1515. Florentine school, son of Biagio di Bin-do and scholar of Cosimo Roselli, in whose studio he contracted an inti mate friendship with Fra Bartolommeo, of whom he became the associate and most successful imitator. They worked together from before 1490 (when both left Roselli's studio), until 1499. Albertinelli's Christ appearing to th…
OVER THE HILLS AND FAR AWAY, Sir John Everett Millais, Bart., Kay Knowles, Esq., England ; canvas, H. 4 ft 3 in. x 6 ft. 2 in. Landscape-view of Strath Tay, as seen from near Birnam, in Perthshire, with Ben-y-Gloe in the middle distance, the range of vision extending nearly to Dunkeld. Royal Academy, 1876 ; Exposition universelle, Paris, 1878 (Dans les montagnes d'cosse). to Rome, where, with Corn…
BRIL, PAITWEL, born in Antwerp in Vatican. Pupil of Damien Oortelman, then in Rome of his brother ; painted principally landscapes, but also executed figures well. He left many works in oil and fresco, and exercised great influence upon Rubens, Annibale Carracci, and Claude Lorrain, becoming thereby most important for the development of landscape art. Works : Landscapes with Figures (4), Madrid M…
PALMAROLI, Don VICENTE, born in Madrid in 1835. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of Madrazo and of San Fernando Academy, and in 1857 continued his studies in Rome. His style resembles partly that of For that of Meissonier. Member of S. Fernando Academy, director of Spanish Academy in Rome since 1872. Medals : Paris, 2d class, 1867 ; Madrid, 1871. Works : October Festival (1862) ; S. Ildefonso ; …
FARINATI, PAOLO, born in Verona in 1524, died in 1606. Venetian school He belonged to a famous Florentine family, the Farinati degli Uberti, who in the 13th century were at the head of the Ghibellines of Florence. Dispersed by the Guelphs, a branch of the family settled in Verona, where Paolo became its most distinguished member. His first master was Niccol6 Giolfino, on leaving whom he is said to…