NEER, AART VAN DER. born at Amsterdam in 1603, died there, Nov. 9, 1677. Dutch school ; landscape painter ; was a friend of Cuyp, who occasionally supplied the figures in his landscapes, and an admirable painter of moonlight and twilight scenes. He represented for the most part canals with towns on their banks lighted by the moon, and no other painter has depicted the lights and shadows incident t…
ABEL DE PUJOL, ALEXANDRE DENIS, born in Valenciennes, France, Jan. 30, 1785, died in Paris, Sept. 28, 1861. History painter, pupil of the Academy of Valenciennes, of the Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris, and of David, whose manner he followed ; won in 1811 the grand prix de Rome, and resided in that city five years. Legion of Honour, 1822 ; Officer, 1835 ; Member of Academy, 1835. Earlier works are the…
ABRAHAM AND ANGELS (Genesis xviii. 2), Murillo, Duke of Norfolk, London ; canvas, H. 6 ft. 4 in. x 8 ft. 1 in. Three angels, habited as pilgrims and bearing staves, two seated at a table and one standing ; Abraham approaching, bearing a dish of smoking meat ; behind him, Sarah at the door of the house ; in background, Hagar and Ishmael. Engraved by G. E. Price ; mezzotint by G. S. and J. G. Faciu…
ADAM AND EVE, Carlo Cignani, Hague Museum ; canvas, H. 7 ft. x 4 ft. 10 in. Nude, seated, Eve presenting the apple ; at left, the tree of life, around which is wound the serpent, holding an apple in its mouth ; at right, below, a lioness and her cub. Painted in 1703. Engraved by Pierron ; Devillier. - Revell, ail 902 ; Filhol, ii. 98. perched upon the tree, and in foreground are two partridges. Pa…
LIER, ADOLF, born at Herrnhut, Saxony, May 21, 1826, died at Vahrn, near Brixen, Tyrol, Sept. 30, 1882. Landscape painter, pupil in Basle of Saffert and in Munich of Richard Zimmermann ; studied from nature in the Bavarian Alps, visited France in 1861 and 1864, studying and copying in the Louvre. Especially attracted by Jules Dupre he followed him to Isle-Adam in the winter of 1864-65, then visite…
MENZEL, ADOLF (FRIEDRICH ERD MANN), born at Breslau, Dec. 8, 1815. History and genre painter and illustrator, self-taught, but for a short time in 1833 pupil of Berlin Academy. First known by a series of pen-and-ink drawings, called "Artist's Pilgrimage," followed by a cycle of twelve lithographed scenes from the history of Brandenburg. Having illustrated Kugler's History of Frederic the Great, a…
MAGI, ADORATION OF, Giovanni Bellini, National Gallery, London. The Virgin and Child, with Joseph seated near them ; at a little distance, the three Kings respectfully offer gifts. A predella of pure conception, delicately executed. Bought at Leigh Court sale (1884), 365 guineas. - Waagen, Treasures, iii. 185. By Sandro Bollicelli, Uffizi, Florence ; wood, figures half natural size. The Virgin and…
SHEPHERDS, ADORATION OF, Correggio. See Nolte, La. By Domenico Ghirlandajo, Florence Academy ; wood, H. 4 ft 6 in. x 4 ft. 8 in. ; dated 1485. The Child lies on the ground in front of a sarcophagus which serves as a feeding-trough for a cow and a mule ; at left, the Virgin kneeling, and Joseph gazing at the procession of the Magi winding round a hill and passing through a triumphal arch ; at right…
WERFF, ADRIAAN VAN DER, born at Kralin ger-Ambacht, near Rotterdam, Jan. 21, 1659, died in Rotterdam, Nov. 12, 1722. Dutch school ; history, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of Cornelis Pico- , lett, portrait painter ; then for four years of Eglon van der Neer. At seventeen years of age he painted his own portrait., and thenceforth worked independently. In the art cabinets of the wealthy amateu…
VELDE, ADRIAAN VAN DE, born in Amsterdam in 1635 or 1636, died there, Jan. 21, 1672. Dutch school ; landscape and animal painter, son and pupil of Willem van de Velde, the elder, then pupil at Haarlem of Jan Wynants ; showed even as a boy an eminent talent, and after having left Wynants, studied figure drawing under Philip herds with Flock by a Well (1668), Stadel Gallery, Frankfort ; Horsemen sta…
OSTADE, ADRIAAN VAN, born in Haarlem, baptized Dec. 10, 1610, died there, April 27, 1685. Dutch school ; genre painter, pupil of Frans Hals, and after 1640 developed under Rem brandt's influence. His family, which came from South Brabant, took the name of Ostade from a village, now called Ostedt, in the environs of Eindhoven, whence his father, a weaver, removed to Haarlem about 1605. Adriaan at …
GADDI, AGNOLO, died in Florence, Oct., 1396. Florentine school ; son and pupil of Taddeo Gaddi, and like him a follower of Giotto. His early labours were in the church of S. Jacopo tra' Fossi, Florence, where the Raising of Lazarus was treated, according to Vasari, in an exceedingly realistic manner ; but he must have changed his style, as there are no traces of such realism in his later frescos. …
ROBERT, AITRPLE, born at Les Eplatures, near La Chaux-de-Fonds, Neuchatel, Dec. 18, 1805, died at Ried, near Bienne (Biel), Canton Berne, Dec. 21, 1871. Architecture and genre painter, brother and, from 1822, pupil in Rome of Leopold Robert, whom he accompanied on study trips in 1828-29, and, after a short separation, joined again in Paris in 1831, then in Venice in 1833, to return home after Leop…
BIERSTADT, ALBERT, born in Dussel dorf, Germany, Jan. 7, 1830. Landscape painter ; brought by his parents in 1831 to New Bedford, Mass., where his youth was spent; began to paint in oils in 1851, went to Dusseldorf in 1853, studied four years there and in Rome. On his return to the United States in 1857 he made a sketching tour in the Rocky Mountains, and from this and other visits to the West ga…
PASINI, ALBERTO, born at Busseto, near Parma ; contemporary. Genre painter, pupil of Eugenio Ciceri, of E. Isabey, and Theodore Rousseau ; paints chiefly subjects taken from Turkey, Arabia, and Persia, where he lived several years. His treatment is broad, the light effects in his pictures are often peculiar, and the aerial perspective especially fine. Honorary professor at Parma and Turin Academi…
ZIMMERMANN, ALBERT, born at Zit-tau, Saxony, Sept- 20, 1808. Landscape painter, mostly self-taught ; studied in Dresden and Munich, became professor at the Milan Academy in 1827, and at the Vienna Academy in 1859. His landscapes, to a certain degree ideal, show grand conception of mountain scenery, masterly execution, and powerful light effects. Member of Munich and St. Petersburg Academies ;- Bav…
ADAM, ALBRECHT, born at Nordlingen, April 16, 1786, died in Munich, Aug. 28, 1862. Painter of military genre and of horses ; at Nuremberg in 1803 painted portraits and small hunting scenes, but afterwards, under the influence of Rugendaa in Augsburg, took up military subjects, for which he found ample material during the Austrian campaign of 1809. Went with Eugene Beauharnais as court painter to I…
ALTDORFER, ALBRECHT, born before 1480, died at Ratisbon, Feb. 12 or 14, 1538. History and landscape painter, strongly influenced by Darer, possibly his pupil ; came from Amberg to Ratisbon, was admitted to burgher rights in 1505, and afterwards elected alderman and city architect. One of the most remarkable masters of the Old German schooL Works : Birth of Mary, Altarpiece with Christ on the Cross…
BOTTICELTA, ALESSANDRO (Sandra), born in Florence, in 1446, died there, uted to Mantegna, Palazzo Adorno, Genoa ; Triumph of Chastity, Turin Gallery ; Judith, Holofernes found by his Soldiers, Adoration of Magi, Uffizi, Florence ; Coronation of the Virgin, S. Jacopo di Ripoli, Florence ; Coronation of the Virgin, Florence Academy (1481-84); Madonnas, Pitti and Corsini Galleries, Florence, National…
TIARINI, ALESSANDRO, born in Bo logna, March 20, 1577, died there, Feb. 8, 1668. Bolognese school ; pupil in Bologna of Prospero Fontana, and of Bartolommeo Cesi ; fled, on account of a quarr el , to Florence, where he studied with Passignano and assisted Poccetti. After painting in Pisa, Pescia, and other places, returned to Bologna, and improved his style by studying the works of the Carracci. …
TIMM, ALESSANDRO, born in Verona in 1582, died in Rome in 1650. Vene in New York. Works: Scene on Grand Canal-Dordrecht, Nooning (1882) ; Merry Milkmaid, T. B. Clarke, New York ; Gone a-Milking, Harvest Meal, Preparing for Yearly Meeting (1883) ; Woman tending Flowers in a Garden, Sunday Afternoon, Ruth Huckaback, Courtship of Miles Standish (1884) ; Half Hours with the Poets, Emblem of Mortality …
CABANEL, ALEXANDRE, born at Montpellier, Sept 28, 1823. Histo- , ry, genre and portrait painter ; pupil of Picot ; won the grand prix de Rome in 1845 ; medal, 2d class, 1852; 1st class, 1855;1 of honour, 1865, 1867, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1855 ; Officer, 1864 ; Commander, 1884 ; Member of Institute, 1863. Professor in the Ecole des Beaux Arta He painted previous to 1861 in the classical style of Dav…
COLIN, ALEXANDRE (MARIE), born in Paris, Dec. 31, 1798, died there, Nov. 23, 1875. Genre painter, pupil of GirodetTrioson ; director several years of School of Design in Nimes. Medals: 2d class, 1824 and 1831 ; 1st class, 1840 ; L. of Honour, 1873. Works : French Fish-market (1832), National Gallery, Berlin ; Scene in Otaheite, Street of Calcutta (1841); Flanders Fisherwomen (1842); Christopher Co…
DEFAUX, ALEXANDRE, born at Bercy, Paris, Sept. 27, 1826. Landscape painter, pupil of Corot. His works have been more admired by the critics than by the general I public. Medals : 3d class, 1874 ; 2d class, 1875 ; L. of Honour, 1881. Works : View at Caen, Abandoned Race-Course at Ivry (1859); View at St. Maur, Coast of Gravelle (1863) ; Plateau of Belle-Croix (1864) ; Environs of Mereville (1865) ;…
DFSGOFFE, ALEXANDRE, born in Paris, March 2, 1805, died there, July 31, 1882. Landscape painter, pupil of Ingres; has also executed some religious subjects. Decorated for city of Paris the baptismal chapels of S. Nicolas du Chardonnet and of S. Pierre du Gros-Caillou. Medals : 3d class, 1842 ; 2d class, 1843, 1848 ; 1st class, 1845, 1857 ; L. of Honour, 1857. Works : View near Arbonne (1834), Argu…
FRAGONARD, ALEXANDRE EVARISTE, born at Grasse, Provence, Oct., 1780, died in Paris, Nov. 10, 1850. French school ; history painter, son of Jean Hon-ore, pupil of David, and for a long time one of the most distinguished adherents of the classical school. Also a sculptor. Medals : 4 ; L. of Honour, 1819. Works : Citizens of Calais before Edward ; Entry of Maid of Orleans (1822), Orleans Museum ; Mar…
LELOIR, ALEXANDRE LOUIS, born in Paris, March 15, 1843, died Jan. 28, 1884. Genre painter, son and pupil of J. B. Auguste Leloir. Composition ingenious, and colouring excellent ; later style not unlike that of Meissonier. Medals: 1864, 1868, 1870 ; 2d class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1876. Works : Massacre of Innocents (1863) ; Daniel in Lions' Den (1864) ; Jacob and the Angel (1865) ; Christening of …
CALAMR, ALEX born at Vevey, May 28,1810, died at Menton, March 19, 1864. Landscape painter ; pupil in Geneva of Diday, whom he succeeded as head master of the art school He was one of the best landscape painters of his day, and the best depicter of Alpine scenery. Visited Germany and the Netherlands in 1839, England in 1840, France in 1842, and Italy in 1845. Medals : 2d class, 1839 ; 1st class, …
RETHEL, ALFRED, born at Diepenbend House, near Aix-la-Chapelle, May 15, 1816, died at Dusseldorf, Dec. 1,1859. History painter, pupil of Dusseldorf Academy under Schadow, when a mere lad, and with his earliest compositions excited the admiration of his instructors ; visited Munich and the Bavarian Alps in 1835, went in 1837 to Frankfort, where he became an enthusis ; visited Italy in 1844-45, and …
WALDENBURG, ALFRED VON, born in Berlin, Dec. 17, 1847. Landscape painter, pupil in Munich of Franz Adam and of Lier, and in Carlsruhe of Gude ; studied nature in Silesia, Bavaria, Tyrol, Switzerland, Italy, and Southern France, and settled in Dusseldorf in 1879. Works : Chapel near Amden, Carlsruhe Gallery ; Ziller Valley, Strasburg Gallery ; Pegli near Genoa; On Chiem Lake ; Varenna on Lake Como;…
CANO, ALONSO, born in Granada, March ing under Pacheco ; was painter, sculptor, and architect, whence sometimes called the Spanish Michelangelo. Noted for the manufacture of retablos or monumental altarpieces, of which all parts - the wood-carvings and statues as well as the paintings - were executed by himself. In 1637 he fled from Seville, in consequence of a duel with the painter Llano y Valde…
COLAS, ALPHONSE, born at Lille, Sept. 24, 1818. French school ; history and portrait painter, pupil of Souchon. Medals, 3d class, 1849, 1863. Director of School of Painting at Lille. Works : Calling of St. James (1869), St. James's, Douai ; France in 1870-71 (1872); Portraits (1877, 1879, 1880, 1883). Catskill, N. Y., Feb. 11, 1848. Landscape painter ; in 1819 his father emigrated to America and s…
NEUVILLE, ALPHONSE (MARIE) DE, born at St. Omer (Pas-de-Calais), May 31, 1836, died in Paris, May 20, 1885. Battle and genre painter, pupil of Picot ; studied three years in Acole de Droit, Paris, but gave up law for art, and soon won a place among the foremost French military painters. Medals : 3d class, 1859 ; 2d class, 1861 ; L. of Honour, 1873; Officer,1881. Works ; The Gervais Battery, Attac…
ALTICHIERO DA ZEVIO, born at Zevio, near Verona, about middle of 14th century. Worked alternately in Verona and Padua. Vasari says he painted the siege of Jerusalem by Titus, after Josephus, in the hall of the palace at Verona, and other great works. He also executed a series of frescos in the Cappella S. Felice, S. Antonio, Padua, which shows a strong Giottesque influence, and after Giotto's fres…
ALVAREZ, Don LUIS, born in Spain, contemporary. Genre painter ; pupil of Madrazo, the elder. Studio in Rome. Works : Spanish Birthday Festival, Mrs. E. D. Morgan, New York ; Flirtation in a Gondola, Dressing for Ball, Selling Tickets for Charity Bull-Fight, J. P. Morgan, ib.; Ancient Coquette, Modern Coquette, R. C. Hawkins, ib.; Cardinal's Reception, Toilette of Duchess de Berri, H. Hilton, ib.; …
BORGOGNONE, AMBROGIO, born in Milan, about 1440-50, flourished from 1485 to 1523, some say until 1535 ; but probably died at Milan, in 1523. Lombardo-Milanese school ; real name Ambrogio Stefani da Fossano ; perhaps pupil of Vincenzo Foppa and of Bernardino Zenale. First manner timid and stiff, and never gained much freedom ; painted in tempera and then in oil in the method of tempera ; flat surfa…
LORENZETTI, AMBROGIO, Sienese school, first half of 14th century. Son of one Lorenzo, and younger brother of Pietro Lorenzetti ; first heard of in 1324 ; earliest productions frescos in S. Francesco, Siena (1331), so highly praised by Ghiberti in his second Commentary, but of which only two fragments remain. Other injured frescos by this painter are to be seen in S. Agostino, Siena, and in the Flo…
GARNERAY, AMBROISE LOUIS, born in Paris, Feb. 19, 1783, died there, Sept. 11, 1857. French school ; marine painter, pupil of his father, Jean Francois (1755-1837), portrait and genre painter, and scholar of David. Love of adventure led him in 1796 to India, where he took part in several sea-fights, and was taken prisoner in 1806 by the English, who retained him in captivity at Portsmouth until 181…
AMIGONI (Amiconi), JACOPO, born in Venice in 1675, died in Madrid in 1752. Venetian school. After having attained a certain reputation in Italy, he went to Munich, and in the service of the Elector frescoed several ceilings in the castle at Schleissheim ; also painted oil paintings for churches and the court. In 1729 he went to London, where he found many patrons, and, besides painting frescos, wa…
CASTAGNO, ANDREA DEL, born at Mugello, near Florence, in 1390, died in Florence, Aug. 19, 1457. Florentine school ; son of a labourer, Bartolommeo di Simone ; was observed drawing cattle on flat stones by Bernardetto de' Medici, who, struck with his talent, took him to Florence and gave him opportunity for study. Baldinucci conjectures that he was apprenticed to Masaccio, but he was more probably …
SARTO, ANDREA DEL, born in Florence, July 16, 1486, died there, Jan. 22, 1531. Florentine school ; real name Andrea d'Angelo di Francesco, but called Del Sarto because his father Angelo or Agnolo was a tailor (sarto). According to some, his family name was Vannucchi ; but this " never had any foundation in fact " (C. & C.). Andrea first studied with a goldsmith, then with Gian Barile, a poor paint…
ANDREA MICITTELT, called Vicentino (from Vicenza), born about 1539, died in 1614. Venetian school ; supposed pupil of Jacopo Palma the younger ; nothing known of his life. Executed important works in the Palazzo Ducale, Venice ; among them are the Doge Ziani presenting the Son of Barbarossa to the Pope, the Assault of Zara in 1202, Otho presented to the Pope, Baldwin elected Emperor of the East by…
SCHIAVONE, ANDREA, born at Sebeni co, Dalmatia, in 1522 (?), died in Venice in 1582. Venetian school ; proper name Medula or Medola, but commonly called Lo Schiavone (the Slav). Went when young to Venice and studied the works of Giorgione and Titian, but had little special instruction. Obliged through poverty to work as a house decorator ; attracted attention of Titian, who procured him more suit…
CARRACCI, ANNIBALE, born in Bo logna, Nov. 3, 1560, died in Rome, July 15, 1609. Bolognese school ; brother of Agostino and pupil of Lodovico Carracci. In 1580 he went to Parma to study the works of Cor reggio and of Parmigiano ; also visited Venice, and after seven years' absence returned to Bologna. He aided his cousin and brother in the academy which they founded there until 1600, when he acc…
ANNUNCIATION (Fr. Annonciation, Ital. Annunziazione, Sp. Anunciacion, Ger. Verk andigang), the announcement by the Angel Gabriel to the Virgin of the Conception of Christ (Luke i. 26-31). Sometimes called the Salutation (Fr. Salutation angelique). By Mariotto Albertinelli, Florence Academy; canvas, signed, dated 1510. Below, Gabriel making the announcement to the Virgin ; above, God the Father in …
ANTHONY OF PADUA, ST., AND INFANT JESUS, Murillo, Baptistery of the Cathedral, Seville ; canvas, H. 18 ft. x 10 ft. 11 in. The Saviour, attended by cherubs and angels, descends in a glory to visit the Saint, who, kneeling in his cell, welcomes him with outstretched arms ; on a table, an open book and vase of lilies ; at left, cloisters seen through an open door. Murillo's largest painting and the …
WIERTZ, ANTOINE JOSEPH, born at Dinant, Feb. 22, 1806, died in Brussels, June 18, 1865. History and portrait painter, pupil of Antwerp Academy under Herreyns and van Bree ; then studied in the Louvre, won the grand prize at the Antwerp Academy in 1832, and went via Paris to Rome, where he took Michelangelo for his model, as afterwards Rubens became his ideal, and in 1837 was made member of the Ac…
CHLNTRECTL, A-NTOLNE, born at Pontde-Vaux, Ain, May 5, 1814, died at Septeuil, Seine-et-Oise, Aug. 10, 1873. Lindlicape painter, pupil of Corot ; industrious and original, especially skilful in treatment of fryreground and of sunlight. His pictures have incrftssed in value since his death. Medal, 1867 ; L of Honour, 1870. Works : Valley of Igny (1852); The Moors, Autumn Evening (1853); The Country…
ANTONELLO DA MESSINA, born in Messina about 1444, died in Venice about 1493. Neapolitan school ; said to have been a pupil of Colantonio del Fiore, but this ANTONELLO is doubtful. Probably first instructed in Sicily, where he worked for several years ; went to Naples and saw an oil picture painted by Jan Van Eyck in the possession of King Alphonso of Aragon. Struck with the superiority of the new …
POLLAJUOLO, ANTONIO and PIETRO, Antonio born in Florence in 1433, died there in 1498 ; Pietro born there in 1443, died there in or before 1496. Florentine school ; sons of Jacopo d'Antonio, a goldsmith. Antonio, whose portrait is given, closed his apprenticeship with his father in 1459, opened a workshop in Florence, and POLLASTRINI sculptor, and engraver. Pietro, who studied painting under Andrea…
BELLUCCI, ANTONIO, born at Pieve di Soligo in 1654, died there in 1726. Venetian school ; pupil of the amateur Domenico Definico, a nobleman of Sebenico, and formed himself afterwards after Sebastiano Bombelli and Antonio Zanchi. He worked in Treviso, Venice, Vicenza, and Verona, and in 1709 was called to Vienna by Joseph I., who made him court painter. He painted the Emperor's portrait, and was e…
ANTONIO DA MURANO, flourished 1444-1451. Venetian school. Sansovino says he lived till 1470, in which year he decorated parts of S. Apollinare, Venice, but this is doubtful. He worked at first in partnership with one Giovanni Alamanno (the German), otherwise called Giovanni da Murano. Ridolfi calls him a brother of Antonio, thus making him a member of the family known later as the Vivarini ; but B…
TRAVI, ANTONIO, born at Sestri, near Genoa, in 1613, died in Genoa in 1668. Genoese school ; sometimes called from his deafness Il Sordo di Sestri. Colour-grinder to Bernardo Strozzi, who gave him instruction ; afterward studied under Gottfried Waals or Waels, a Flemish landscape painter settled in Genoa. Acquired considerable reputation as a landscape painter in Genoa, where most of his works are…
ANTONIO VENEZIANO, born in Venice, latter half of fourteenth century. Florentine school. Vasari says he died in 1384, aged seventy-four, but documents prove that he was living two years later. Family name probably Longhi, baptismal name Antonio Francisci de Venetiis. According to Vasari, he was a pupil of Agnolo Gaddi, but his style is rather that of Taddeo Gaddi. Earliest record of him is in the …
PALAMEDESZ, ANTONIS (Anthoni), surnamed Stevaerts, born at Delft about 1601, died there in Dec., 1673, or in Jan., 1674. Dutch school ; genre and portrait painter, son of Palamedes Stevaerts, also a painter; formed himself under influence of Mierevelt and Frans Hals ; entered guild of Delft in 1621. His friendship with Van Deelen, for whose architectural pieces be painted figures, probably brought…
DYCK, ANTON VAN (Sir Antony Van dyck), born in Antwerp, March 22, 1599, died in London, Dec. 9, 1641. At ten years of age he was apprenticed by his father, Francis Van Dyck, linen draper, to Hendrik Van Balen, and at sixteen he entered the studio of Rubens as his pupil and assist ant. Employed by this great master to prepare black and white drawings from his pictures for the use of the engravers …
APELTYS, most famous of Greek painters, pupil of Ephorus, of Pamphilus, and of Melanthius ; born probably in Colophon, Ionia, though Pliny and Ovid call him of Cos, and Strabo and Lucian of Ephesus ; flourished 352-308 B. c. The best part of his life was spent at the court of Philip and Alexander the Great, of both of whom he painted many portraits. Alexander forbade any one else to paint his like…
APOLLO AND MARSYAS, Claude Lorrain, Earl of Leconfield ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 9 in. x 5 ft. Liber Veritatis, No. 95. Engraved by Muller. Collections Passart, Haye, Sir T. Coke. Another Apollo and Marsyas (Liber Veritatis, No. 45), formerly in Crozat Gallery, now in Hermitage, St. Petersburg. - Pattison, Claude Lorrain, 231, 246. By Guertin, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H. 5 ft 11 in. x 6 ft. 7 i…
APOLLODORUS, of Athens ; old Attie school ; about 408 as Dr.
VOIS, ARIE (Adriaan) DE, born in Leyden in 1641, died there in 1698 (?). Dutch school ; history, portrait, genre, and landscape painter, pupil of Nicolas Knupfer in Utrecht and of Abraham van den Tempel at Leyden ; further developed under influence-of Gerard Dou and Frans van Mieris. He painted, with minute finish, chiefly half-length nude figures, in landscapes after the manner of Poelenburg, ani…
ARISTLEUS, painter, Thebes, Theban Attic school, father and master of Nicomachus, lived probably in the first part of the fourth century a a - Pliny xxxv. 36 [108] ; Brunn, ii. 159. ARISTIDES, Greek painter, of Thebes, Theban Attic school, brother and pupil of Nichomachus ; pupil also of Euxenidas and master of Euphranor ; probably about 376836 a a. Though hard as a colourist, he was an admirable …
ARMAND - DUMARESQ, CHARLES EDOUARD, born in Paris, Jan. 1, 1826. Genre painter, especially of military scenes ; pupil of T. Couture. In 1854 he accompanied the French troops to Algiers and Italy, to paint battle scenes and camp life. Medal : 3d class, 1861, 1863 ; Order of St. Maurice, 1859 ; L. of Honour, 1867 ; Officer, 1881. Works : Christ (1850), Church of DOle ; St. Bernard preaching a Crusad…
LELEUX, ARMAND, born in Paris in 1818, died there in June, 1885. Genre painter, brother of Adolphe Leleux, and pupil of Ingres. His pictures of monastic life in Italy show great skill in the treatment of interiors, in regard to play of light and shade. Medals : 3d class, 1844 ; 2d class, 1847, 1848, and 1857 ; 1st class, 1859 ; L. of Honour, 1860. Works : Breton Scene, St. Jerome (1839); Return fr…
BOCKLIN, ARNOLD, born in Basle, Oct. 16, 1827. Landscape and history painter ; pupil in landscape painting of Dusseldorf Academy under Schirmer ; then studied figure painting in Brussels. Visited Paris, Rome, and in 1853 Basle, whence he went to Munich. Became professor at the art school in Weimar in 1858, but resigned two years later and went again to Rome ; lived in Munich in 1871-76, and finall…
VUEZ, ARNOULD DE, born at Saint-Omer, March 10, 1642, died at Lille in 1719 or 1720. French school ; history and portrait painter, first instructed in his native place, then pupil of Claude Francois (better known as Frere Luc 1615-85), in Paris, whence, three years later, he went to Venice, then to Rome in 1660. His marked success there involved him in several duels, which caused his flight to Par…
RAMBERG, ARTHUR GEORG VON, Baron, born in Vienna, Sept. 4, 1819, died in Munich, Feb. 5, 1875. History and genre painter and illustrator, pupil of Prague and Dresden Academies and of Julius Hubner ; went in 1850 to Munich, in 1860 became trations to Goethe's Hermann and Dorothea made him especially popular. Member of Vienna and Berlin Academies; Order of Michael. Works : Henry the Fowler fighting …
ASCENSION (Fr. Ascension, Ital. Ascension, Sp. Ascension, Ger. Himmelfahrt, Aussteigung), the ascension to Heaven of Christ after the Entombment (Acts i. 9-11). By P. Perugino, Lyons Museum, France ; wood, transferred to canvas ; fig-urea nearly life size. Christ, draped below the waist, and attended by angels, two on each side, is supported by two other angels in a glory of cherubs' heads. He poi…
CARSTENS, ASMUS JACOB, born at St. Jurgen, near Schleswig, May 10, 1754, died in Rome, May 26, 1798. German school ; history painter. Impressed by the pictures of Juriaen Ovens, pupil of Rembrandt, in the Cathedral of Schleswig, determined to be come an artist, and tried in vain to study under Tischbein at Cassel. After five years' apprenticeship to a wine-dealer at Eckernforde, during which he d…
ASSUMPTION (Fr. Assomption, Ital. Assunzione, Sp. Asuncion, Ger. Maria Himmelfahrt), the ascension to Heaven of the Virgin after death, according to the legend of the Latin and Greek churches. By Fm Bartolommeo, Besancon Cathedral, France. The Virgin and Child on a throne carried by Angels in clouds ; below, left, SS. John Baptist, Sebastian, and Stephen ; right, the patron Jean Carondelet, kneeli…
DELACROIX, AUGUSTE, born at Boulogne-sur-Mer, Jan. 27,1809, died there, Nov., 1868. Genre and marine painter. Paralyzed during several years before his death, he painted his last works with his left hand. Medals : 3d class, 1839 ; 2d class, 1841 ; 1st class, 1846. Works : Coast of Boulogne, Interior of Boulogne Harbour (1835), DeDELACROIX parture of Fishermen (1839), Negro Dancers at Tangiers (185…
GENDRON, AUGUSTE, born in Paris, March 17, 1817, died there, July 23, 1881. History and genre painter, pupil of Delaroche, studied for several years in Italy after the old masters, to the detriment of his originality, and returned to Paris about 1847. Decorated St. Gervais, the Louvre, Palais de Justice, Hotel Pereire. Medals : 3d class, 1846, 1855 ; 2d class, 1849 ; L. of Honour, 1855. Works : Th…
TOULMOUCHE, AUGUSTE, born in Nantes, Sept. 21, 1829. Genre painter, pupil of Gleyre. Subjects generally piquant scenes from daily life ; paints satins and velvets with great skill. Medals : 3d class, 1852, 1859 ; 2d class, 1861; 3d class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1870. Works : Curl-Papers (1849) ; Joseph and Potiphar's Wife, A Girl (1852) ; After Breakfast (1853), Princess Mathilde ; First Step (1853)…
VINCHON, AUGUSTE (JEAN BAPTISTE), born in Paris, Aug. 5, 1789, died at Ems, Nassau, Aug. 16, 1855. History and portrait painter, pupil of Gioacchino Serangeli, of David, and the gcole des Beaux Arts ; won the second prix de Rome in 1813, and the first in 1814. L. of Honour, 1828. Medal, 2d class, 1855. Works : Diagoras carried in Triumph by his Sons (1814), gcole des Beaux Arts, Paris ; Devotion o…
HEYDEN, AUGUST (JACOB THEO DOR) VON, born in Breslau, June 13, 1827. History painter, pupil in Berlin of Steffeck, and in Paris of Gleyre and Couture ; won the gold medal, and afterwards repeatedly visited Italy to study the monumental painting of the Renaissance. Works : St. Barbara as Patron Saint of Miners (1864) ; Luther and Frundsberg before the Imperial Diet, Germanic Museum, Nuremberg ; Lu…
LOFJfLER, AUGUST, born in Munich, May 5, 1822, died there, Jan. 12, 1866. Landscape painter, pupil of Heinrich Adam and of Julius Lange, but was led by copying Rottmann's frescos to take that painter for a model. In 1844 he visited Istria, then, after studying in Munich (1846) under Schorn, Trieste and Upper Italy, in 1849 the East ; executed in 1851-53 in Berlin paintings for the Kings of Prussi…
PETTENKOFEN, AUGUST VON, born in Vienna in 1821. Genre painter of great local fame ; loves to paint soldier and peasant life of Hungary, where he has travelled much. Member of Vienna Academy in 1866, of Munich Academy in 1867 ; knighted in 1876 ; professor in 1880. Works : Russian Bivouac near Igmand (1851) ; Monks in a Cloister (1853) ; Hungarian Puszta, do. Farm, do. Market (1854) ; Horses befor…
BACCHANAL,Giovanni Bellini and Titian, Alnwick Castle, England; canvas, 6 ft. square; signed, dated 1514. The gods, feasting and drinking in a woody glade ; background, a rocky hill, with a castle - view of Cadore, seen from the point of Previs. Begun in 1514 for Duke Alfonso of Ferrara by Bellini, who sketched and dated it, but was prevented from finishing on account of his great age, says Vasari…
PERUZZI, BALDASSARE, born at Si ena, March 7, 1481, died in Rome, Jan. 6, 1537. Sienese school ; son of a weaver of Volterra ; he was perhaps indebted to Il Sodoma for his early instruction, but soon learned to follow Pinturicchio. Went about 1504 to Rome, where he speedily won a favourable position. He executed frescos - an Eternal, Coronation of the Virgin, and Madonna with Saints - in S. Onofr…
DENNER, BALTHASAR, born at Altona, Nov. 15, 1685, died in Rostock, April 14, 1749. German school ; portrait painter ; studied under obscure masters in Altona and Dantzic, then, in 1707, at the Berlin Academy. In 1709 he began his career by painting the portraits of Duke Christian Augustus of Holstein and his sister. At the age of twenty-four his name was famous, and he received numberless orders f…
CHRIST, BAPTISM OF, Francesco Albani, Bologna Gallery; canvas, H. 13 ft. 5 in. x 6 ft. 10 in. St. John pouring water on the head of Christ, who stands in the stream supported by two angels, while the dove is descending ; above, in the heavens, the Eternal, surrounded by angels and cherubs. Formerly in S. Giorgio, Bologna, whence removed to gallery in 1823. Engraved by G. Mitelli ; F. Rosaspina. -…
BARBARI (Barbaric), JACOPO DE', born in Venice between 1440 and 1450, died before 1516. Venetian school Probably identical with Jacomo Barberino Veneziano, who is said to have gone to Germany and to Burgundy and there adopted the art of those countries. Ephrussi thinks that Ja is on a panel of 1504 in the Augsburg Gal. lery, and on a head of Christ in the Weimar Museum. Other works : Christ Blessi…
ZEITBLOM, BARTHOLOMAUS, flourished in Ulm, 1484-1517. German school ; history and portrait painter, and the most eminent master of the school of Ulm ; at first studied engraving under Schongauer, then painting under Schuhlein, whose daughter he married in 1483. Although influenced by the school of Franconia, he developed an individual style. We find in colour, and careful execution, together with …
BARTOLI (di Bartolo), TADDEO, Sienese school, born in Siena in 1363, died there in 1422. Son of Bartolo di Mino, a barber ; early began a successful practice ; in 1389 was a member of the council on the works in the cathedral of Siena. In 1390 he painted for S. Paolo of Pisa the Virgin and Saints now in the Louvre, and in 1393 for Cattaneo Spinola and for S. Luca, Genoa, two altarpieces. An altarp…
MITRILLO, BARTOLOME ESTEBAN, born in Seville, Jan. 1, 1618, died there, April 3, 1682. Spanish school From his first master, Juan del Castillo, Murillo younger, accomplished his design Jan. 1, 1660. On the death of Philip IV., his successor, Charles IL, named Murillo his court-painter, and in vain endeavoured to induce him to take up his residence at Madrid. He continued to work at Seville until h…
BARTOLOMMEO, Fra, born probably at Suffignano, near Florence, in 1475, died in commonly called della Porta from the vicinity of his house to the gate of S. Pier Gattolino. Apprenticed when nine years old to Cosi !no Roselli, with whom he remained until 1490, meanwhile studying the frescos of Magnecio and Filippino at the Carmine and the works of Perugino and Leonardo da Vinci. On leaving the stud…
GIULIANO, BARTOLOMMEO, born at Susa, North Italy, in 1825. Genre and landscape painter, professor at Milan Academy. Works : Faust and Marguerite ; Parisina ; Difficult Passage ; In Thoughts ; Drinking Girl (1866). - Maller, 209. name Giulio Pippi de' Giannuzzi, but called Romano from his birthplace. Umbrian school ; became the assistant of Raphael when quite young, and with 11 Fattore and Pellegri…
VIVARINI, BARTOLOMMEO, Venetian school ; last half of 15th century. Associated in 1450 with his brother Antonio da Murano, with whom he had probably studied, but soon left him and founded a separate studio. In his first works he signs himself Da Murano, but in 1459, when he produced his St. John Capistrano, now in the Louvre, he had taken the afterwards celebrated name of Vivarini. In 1465 he pain…
PEROFF, BASIL, born at Tobolsk, Siberia, Dec., 1833. A natural son of Baron Kradener, he was debarred by Russian law from taking his father's name, and was called Peroff (Russian " pero," pen) for his early proficiency in writing. Genre painter, pupil in drawing and painting of Stoupin at Arsamass, whence he went to Moscow and studied three years in the Academy under Vasilieff. He received medals …
CADORE, BATTLE OF, Titian, formerly in Hall of Great Council, Palazzo Ducale, Venice ; canvas. Battle at a bridge span ning a stream ; in sight of the Castle of Ca-. dore, where the troops of the Emperor Maximilian were defeated by the Venetians. Painted in 1537 ; burned in the fire of 1577, and known only through a contemporary print by Fontana, a sketch on canvas attributed to Titian, in the Uff…
MARATHON, BATTLE OF. See Panteespecial merits. His design and colouring are generally pleasing, but his handling is weak and his feeling superficial. He was a close imitator of Guido Reni. Works : Madonna, Palazzo Doris, Rome ; Annunciation, The Virgin, Turin Gallery ; Adoration of the Shepherds, Basle Museum ; Magdalen in Meditation, Musee Rath, Geneva ; Madonna (2), The Virgin contemplating the …
BAYEU Y SUBIAS, Don FRANCISCO, born at Saragossa, March 9, 1734, died in Madrid, Aug. 4, 1795. History painter, pupil at Saragossa of Jose Luzan Martinez, then in Madrid of S. Fernando Academy under Antonio Gonzalez Velasquez ; returned to Saragossa, but on the suggestion of Mengs, court painter to Charles RI., was called to Madrid to assist in the decoration of the new Palacio Real, and so decide…
BEHAM (Behaim, Behem), BARTH:EL, born in Nuremberg in 1502, died in Venice in 1540. German school ; history and portrait painter, pupil of Darer. In 1524 he was accused of heresy, and exiled, together with his brother, Hans Sebald, and George Pencz. In 1527 was at Munich, in service of Duke William of Bavaria, who sent him afterwards to Italy. Was also an engraver, and one of the so-called Little …
BELLA DI TIZIANO, Titian, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; canvas, H. 3 ft. x 2 ft. 5i in. A slender girl, half-length, in a brownish red hat decorated with ostrich feathers and pearls ; bracelet of precious stones on arm, pearl ear-rings, and necklace. Belonged to Crozat Collection. Engraved by Sanders. - C. & C., Titian, i. 393 ; Cat. Hermitage, 44. By Titian, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H. 3 …
BELLANGE, (JOSEPH LOUIS) HIPPOLYTE, born in Paris, Feb. 16, 1800, died there, April 10, 1866. History and genre painter, pupil of Gros and of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. First attracted attention by his lithographs. Exhibited in nearly every salon from 1822 to 1866. Medals : 2d class, 1824, 1855 ; L. of Honour, 1834 ; Officer, 1861; Director of the Rouen Museum, 1837-54. Many of his works have been …
BELLE FERONNIERE, Leonardo da Vinci, Louvre ; wood, H. 2 ft. x 1 ft. 51 in. Bust, head three quarters, turned to left, dressed in a red robe, ornamented with embroidery and gold bands ; hair confined with a feronniere or frontlet. Long supposed to be a portrait of the noted mistress of Francis I., La Feronniere, so called either because she was the wife of a rich feronnier (iron-monger) or of a bo…
HAYDON, BENJAMIN ROBERT, born. at Plymouth, Jan. 26, 1786, died in London, June 22, 1846. History painter, pupil of Royal Academy in 1805 ; exhibited in 1809 his Dentatus murdered by his own Soldiers, but dissatisfied with the position assigned it refused to contribute any more. After painting portraits in Plymouth, he won a considerable reputation in 1814 by his Judgment of Solomon, which sold f…
VAUTIER, BENJAMIN, born at Morges on Lake Geneva, April 24, 1829. Genre painter, pupil at Geneva of Hebert and of Lugardon, then (1850) in Dusseldorf of the Academy and of Jordan ; studied peasant life in the Black Forest and in the Berne Highlands, then attracted by Knaus went in 1856 to Paris, and six months later settled in Dusseldorf, where he at once achieved a brilliant success with his Chur…
WEST, BENJAMIN, born at Springfield, Penn., Oct. 10, 1738, died in London, March 11, 1820. Began to draw when seven years old, and took his first lessons in preparing colours from Cherokee Indians. After a little instruction from a painter named Williams, he set up, when eighteen years old, in Italy, where he remained, studying the antique and Michelangelo, until 17 6 3, when he settled in London.…
BERCK-HEYDE (Berk Heyde), JOB, born at Haarlem, baptized Jan. 27, 1630, died there, Nov. 23, 1693. Dutch school ; landscape, architecture, and genre painter ; pupil of Jacob de Wet, and of Frans lisle ; Master of Haarlem guild in 1654. Went with his brother Gerrit up the Rhine as far as Heidelberg, where they were patronized by the Elector Palatine ; after their return to Haarlem they lived togeth…
BERCK-HEYDE (Berk Heyde), GERRIT, born at Haarlem, baptized June 6, 1638, died there, June 10, 1698. Dutch school ; landscape and architecture painter ; pupil probably of Frans Hals, and of his elder brother, Job R, whom he accompanied to Cologne and Heidelberg, where they were employed for some time at the court of the Elector Palatine. Master of Haarlem guild in 1660. Works : View of Amsterdam (…
ORLEY, BERNAERT (Barend), VAN, also called Barend van Brussel, born in Brussels about 1491-92, died there, Jan. 6,1542. Flemish school ; history painter, probably pupil of his fatherValen tyn van Orley ; went to Rome after 1509 (before 1515, in which year he is settled in Brussels), and became a successful imitator of, and possibly was even instructed by, Raphael. In 1520 he was appointed court-p…
GAILLOT, BERNARD, born at Versailles, Feb. 17, 1780, died in Paris, June 17, 1847. History painter, pupil of David. Medal, 2d class, 1817. Works : Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi (1817); Conversion of St. Augustine (1819), Vision of St. Monica (1822), PrOfecture de la Seine, Paris ; St. Louis with the Crown of Thorns (1824), Sens Cathedral ; others in Versailles Museum. Ralph Schomberg, Edward Orp…
PORDENONE, BERNARDINO LICINIO DA, of Pordenone, born about beginning of 16th century, died after 1541. Venetian school ; kinsman of G. A. Pordenone ; educated in Friuli, and later lived in Venice. Earliest pictures dated 1524 ; latest, 1541. His strength lay in portraits, and he was fond of family groups, though he painted some religious pieces. Works : Madonna and Saints (1535), Frari, Venice ; d…
BELLOTTO, BERNARDO, born in Venice, Jan. 30, 1720, died in Warsaw, Oct 17, 1780. Venetian school ; landscape and architecture painter ; nephew and pupil of Canaletto, by whose name he is sometimes known ; went to Rome, probably about 1740, afterwards to Germany ; worked in Munich, and afterwards in Dresden, where he was employed by Count Briihl and became court painter to Augustus DI In 1758 he we…
STROZZI, BERNARDO, born in Genoa in 1581, died in Venice, Aug. 3, 1644. Genoese school ; called also 11 Cappuccino and Caravaggio ; became early a monk of Order of St. Francis. Left it to support aged mother and sister, and refusing to return on the death of the one and the marriage of the other, was sentenced to three years' imprisonment ; but escaped to Venice and lived there as a secular pries…
BERNE - BELLECOUR, ETIEN NE PROSPER, born at Boulogne, June 29, 1838. Genre, landscape, and portrait painter ; pupil of Picot and of F. Barrias. Medals : 1869 ; 1st class, 1872 ; 3d class, 1878 ; L. of Honour, 1878. Works : Souvenir of Normandy (1861) ; Road on the Borders of Normandy (1864) ; Great Heat, View on Norman Coast (1868); Dismounted, A Sonnet, Amorous Man, Pea Shooter (1869) ; After th…
BERNHARD, born in Hamburg, Sept. 29, 1805, died in Munich, Feb. 27, 1867. Landscape painter, son of the miniature painter, Johann Heinrich Morgenstern; from 1824 pupil of Bendixen in Hamburg, after having, in the service of the panorama painter Suhr, trav elled extensively in Germany, Denmark, and Russia ; visited Norway in 1827, and the year following studied at Copenhagen Academy and on Swedish…
PLOCKHORST, BERNHARD, born at Brunswick, March 2, 1825. History and portrait painter, pupil in Munich of Piloty and in Paris (1851) of Couture ; visited Holland and Belgium in 1854, afterwards Italy, especially Venice, settled in Leipsic, and later in Berlin, whither he returned after having been professor at the Weimar Art School in 1866-69. Gold medal, Berlin, 1858. Works : Mary and John return…
STRIGEL, BERNHARD, born at Memmingen in 1460 or 1461, died there before June 23, 1528. German school ; history and portrait painter, mentioned in documents as living in Memmingen between 1516 and 1528, in Augsburg about 1517, in Vienna about 1520, 1522, and 1525 ; identical with Master of the Collection Hirscher. In his altarpieces he appears influenced by Zeitblom, although his figures are less e…
WOLTZE, BERTHOLD, born at Havel-berg, Brandenburg, in 1829. Genre painter, pupil of Berlin Academy, where he won the grand prize in 1854 ; studied in Rome in 1855-56, then visited Paris and the Netherlands. Works : Moses striking the Rock (1854) ; The Oath (1873) ; Into hostile Life ! (1874) ; Scene of Accident in the Mountains (1874) ; Dangerous Operation ; riage. - Cat. Louvre ; Landon, Musee, i…
BIARD, (AUGUSTE) FRANcOIS, born in Lyons, June 27, 1801, died near Fontainebleau, July 8, 1882. Landscape and genre painter ; pupil of R4voil in Lyons ; travelled in Europe, the East, and Africa, settled in Paris in 1835, and painted scenes from many countries ; visited Greenland and Spitzbergen in 1839, Brazil in 1855. His works are distinguished for humour, sentiment, and variety. Many of them h…
VIRGIN, BIRTH OF, Annibale Carracci, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, arched, H. 8 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft. The Eternal, in a glory of angels, presides over the birth of the Virgin, who is cared for by women in foreground ; in background, St. Anna in bed aided by attendants ; near her, Joachim and two women. Painted for church of pontifical palace at Loreto ; later in Musee Napoleon. Engraved by R V. Audenaerd. …
DESGOFFE, BLAISE ALEXANDRE, born in Paris, Jan. 17, 1830. Still-life painter, pupil of Flandrin, nephew of Alexandre D., and a most skilful imitator of near ob. On his return he became a member of the Academy in 1758, and painted many good altarpieces for churches. Works : Prayer of St. Andrew, Flagellation of St. Andrew (painted for Cathedral of Rouen and engraved by Ph. Pariseau); Susanna (enmve…
BOCCACCINO, BOCCACCIO, of Cremona, born 1460, died 1518 (?). Lombard school ; educated probably by followers of Mantegna at Ferrara, he was already an independent master at Cremona in 1497, and had painted a series of frescos in Sant' Agostino. In 1499 Garofalo, his apprentice, deserted him and went to Rome, and at a later period Boccaccino followed him. Vasari says he painted there a Coronation o…
GENELLI, BONAVENTITRA, born in Berlin, Sept. 28, 1798, died in Weimar, Nov. 13, 1868. History painter, pupil of Berlin Academy under the influence of his uncle, the architect Hans Christian Genelli. Lived from 1822 to 1832 in Rome, and was much influenced by Carstens, Koch, and Thorwaldsen. In 1836 he removed from Leipsic to Munich, and in 1859 to Weimar by invitation of the Grand Duke. One of th…
PEETERS, BONAVENTURA, born in Antwerp, baptized July 23, 1614, died at Hoboken, near Antwerp, July 25, 1652_ Flemish school ; marine painter, who espe cially represented the sea in its most tempestuous forms. Master of the guild in 1634; travelled extensively at sea. Works : Storm at Sea, Historical Society, New York ; Coast of Agitated Sea, Men-of-War near Harbour (1636), Berlin Museum ; Ships a…
BONHEUR, (MARIE) ROSA, born in Bordeaux, March 22, 1822. Animal painter; daughter and pupil of Raymond B. ; began by copying in the Louvre, afterwards made studies and sketches near Paris. Her first two pictures, exhibited at Bordeaux in BONIFAZIO for the Hunt, Flock of Sheep, W. H. Vanderbilt, New York; Sheep - Scotch Landscape, Pyrenees - Landscape and Sheep, W. Rockefeller, New York ; Landscape…
BONHEUR, (FRANcOIS) AUGUSTE, born in Bordeaux, Nov. 4, 1824, died Feb. 22, 1884. Landscape and animal painter ; son and pupil of Raymond B. (died 1853), a meritorious artist. Auguste had little success as a genre painter, but as a landscape and animal painter he attained a considerable reputation. Medals : 3d class, 1852, 1857; 2d class, 1859; 1st class, 1861, 1863; L. of Honour, 1867. Works : Chi…
VERONESE, BONIFAZIO. See Bonifazio, Veronese. ings or reveal to the mind the hidden springs of character. He fills his canvases with men and women, in the rich costumes of the time, sitting or standing near heavy-laden banqueting tables, relieved against modern architectural backgrounds, and surrounded by musicians, pages, attendants, dogs, birds, and other objects, grouped in the foreground with …
BOSCH (Bos), HIERONYMUS (Hieronymus van Aeken), born at Bois-le-Duc, between 1460 and 1464, died there in 1516. Flemish school ; history and genre painter; treated scriptural subjects in a fantastic and grotesque spirit ; great brilliancy of colour and delicacy of execution. His fame spread rapidly over the Netherlands, Italy, and Spain. Works : Adoration of Magi, Temptation of St. Anthony (3), Fa…
BOUG1JEREALT, (WILLIAM) ADOLPHE, born at La Rochelle, Nov. 30, 1825. French school ; history and genre painter ; pupil of Picot, and from 1843 of Ecole des Beaux Arts. Won the grand prix de Rome in 1850, and while a pensioner in that city sent several pictures to Paris which were much admired. On his return to Paris he was entrusted with important decorative works in public buildings, and in 1866 …
BRAMANTINO (Bramantino da Milano), born in Milan(?), died there about 1535. Lombard school ; real name Bartolommeo Suardi ; probably taught in local schools of Milan, afterward journeyman to Bramante. Among the earliest pictures assigned to him are Crucifixion, Municipio, Milan ; Circumcision (dated 1491), Louvre ; and Dead Christ, S. Sepolcro, Milan. He followed Bramante to Rome in the beginning …
BURNE - JONES, EDWARD, born in Birmingham, England, Aug. 28, 1833. Student at Exeter College, Oxford,with William Morris and Swinburne, the latter of whom dedicated to him his first volume of poems ; for several years, but he soon formed a style of his own, inclining more to idealism and abstract beauty than to real, ism, and he is now one of the chief exponents in England of the romantic school. …
CALISTO DA LODL See Piazza. genius. The surname of the English Claude which has been given to him, and the large prices obtained for his landscapes since his death, as, for instance, ?3,097 and ?514 paid in 1863 at public sales, prove the esteem felt for his works, in which English scenery is treated with unaffected truth to nature. Callcott became an ARA. in 1806, and RA. in 1810 ; he was knighte…
PIAZZA, CALLISTO, born at Lodi, died there in 1561 (?). Venetian school ; history painter, son and pupil of Martino Piazza (died in 1527), and one of the most success ful followers of Titian, although he imitated Giorgione also, and afterwards studied at Brescia under Romanino ; settled at Lodi about 1529, and in 1539 went to Spain and painted in the Escorial, and thence to Lisbon, where he was th…
CALUMNY, Sandro Botticelli, Uffizi, Florence ; wood, figures full length, small. A magisterial person, seated at right, attended by Ignorance and Suspicion, stretches out his hand to Calumny, who holds in one hand the torch of discord, and with the other drags Innocence by the hair ; she is preceded by Envy and attended by Intrigue and Treachery ; behind her, Repentance, clothed in black, is cover…
HOLY FAMILY, CANIGIANI (della Casa Canigiani), Raphael, Munich Gallery ; wood, H. 4 ft. x 3 ft. 3 in.; signed. The Virgin, seated in a meadow at right, with a book in her left hand, supports Jesus with the other ; he, resting upon her knee, with one foot on the ground, reaches toward the infant St. John, who is sustained at left by St. Elizabeth, kneeling ; behind, St. Joseph, standing, leaning on…
CARA.VAGGIO, POLIDORO DA, born at Caravaggio about 1490 (?), died in Messina in 1543. Umbrian school. Real name Polidoro Caldara ; while employed as a mason in the Vatican when Raphael and his pupils were painting, he acquired a taste for art, and induced Maturino, a Florentine artist, to instruct him. He soon exhibited such aptitude that Maturino took him into partnership, and they executed conj…
CRIVELLI, CARLO, born in Venice about 1430-40, died after 1493. Venetian school ; pupil of Antonio and Bartolommeo da Murano, whose studio he entered probably about 1450. Settled in Ascoli ; as early as 1468 began to paint exclusively in the cities of the Marches, and laboured there to the end of his days. In 1490 he was knighted by Prince Ferdinand of Capua, but this did not affect the steady exe…
DOLCI, CARLO (Carlino), born in Flor ence, May 25, 1616, died there, Jan. 17, 1686. Florentine school ; studied with Jacopo Vignali, a pupil of Matted Rosselli. A prolific, though very careful, painter, who bestowed the great est labour and pains even upon the least important parts of his pictures. His subjects are always sacred, but his work is marred by an insipid affectation of religious feeli…
BALTASAR, CARLOS, Don, eldest son of Philip IV., Velaspez, Grosvenor House, BALTHAZAR London ; canvas, H. 4 ft. 9 in. x 6 ft. 11 in. About twelve years old, costume enriched with silver and gold, crimson scarf and plumed black hat, mounted on a prancing pony, in court of the palace, attended by several officers, among whom is Olivares ; King and Queen Isabel seen at a balcony. Probably painted abo…
CAROTO (Carotto), GIOVAN FRANCESCO, born in Verona in 1470, died there in 1546. Lombard school ; pupil in Verona of Liberale, and in Mantua of Mantegna, of whom he is said to have been so perfect an imitator that his works passed as those of his master. On his return to CARPACCIO Verona, previous to 1508, his pictures took a local tinge reminiscent of Liberale and Giolfino. He executed important w…
NETSCIIER, CASPAR, born at Heidelberg in 1639, died at The Hague, Jan. 15, 1684. Dutch school ; genre and portrait painter, pupil at Arnheim of Koster, then at Deventer of Gerard Terburg, who taught him to paint genre pictures. Later he painted portraits, in which he excelled. At the age of twenty he started on a journey where he became free of the guild in 1663. Works : Children blowing Bubbles (…
SALVIATI, CECCHINO DEL, born in Florence in 1510, died in Rome, Nov. 11, 1563. Florent in e school ; real name Francesco de' Rossi, son of Michelangelo d e' Rossi, a velvet weaver. Pupil of Giuliano Bu giard in i, afterwards of Bandinelli and of Andrea del Sarto (1529), with whom Vasari was at the same time working. Went to Rome under patronage of Cardinal Salviati, from whom he took the name by …
LAWSON, CECIL GORDON, born at Wellington, Shropshire, Dec. 3, 1851, died in London, June 10, 1882. Landscape painter, son and pupil of William Lawson, portrait painter ; also studied under his brother, Wilfrid Lawson, and was strongly influenced by works of Gainsborough. Exhibited his Cheyne Walk, Chelsea, at Royal Academy in 1870, but did not win much reputation until 1878, when his Minister's G…
CESARE DA SESTO, born at Sesto about 1485, died in Milan after 1523. Lombard school ; one of the best scholars of Leonardo da Vinci ; afterwards became intimate in Rome with Raphael, a double influence under which he painted the mannered Adoration of the Magi, Naples Museum ; and a large circular picture in the Vatican Gallery, Rome (1523). These pictures are inferior to his best and earlier works…
ACQUA, CESARE DELL', born in Pirano, Istria, July 22, 1821. History, genre, and portrait painter ; pupil from 1842 of the Venice, and from 1847 of the Paris Academy, then in Brussels of Gallait, whose influence is, next to that of the Venetian school, most observable in his pictures. From 1857 to 1868, after a previous journey to Italy, he won his greatest success with historical paintings, among …
MACCARI, CESARE, born in Siena, May 9, 1840. History painter, pupil of Siena Academy, then in Florence of Luigi Mumsini ; continued his studies in Rome, whence he visited Assisi and Venice, acquired reputation especially with fresco paintings executed by order of Victor Emmanuel in the Chapel del Sudario and in the Quirinal. Gold medals in Siena and Parma, 1869 ; medal in Philadelphia, 1876 ; grea…
CHAPEAU DE FIUME (i. e. Poil - The Beaver Hat), Rubens, National Gallery, London ; wood, H. 2 ft. 6 in. x 1 ft. 9 in. Portrait of a young lady (Mdlle. Lunden ?), half-length, life-size, dressed in a black velvet bodice with crimson sleeves, and wearing a black Spanish beaver hat with black and white feathers, holding her hands crossed before her. The hat casts a shadow over the upper part of the f…
CHARITY, William Adolphe Bouguereau, J. W. Drexel, New York ; canvas, H. 9 ft. x 5 ft. Female figure, draped, seated on a marble bench, with architectural background, with left foot resting upon an overturned jar, from which coins are escaping ; she holds three infants in her arms, and two others nestle at her feet. Salon, 1874 ; Replica, landscape background, Samuel Hawk Collection, New York ; St…
CHARLES L, CHILDREN OF, Anton van Dyck, Turin Gallery ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 1 in. x 6 ft. 7 in. Prince Charles, about five years old, standing at right, in a scarlet frock embroidered with silver lace, his right hand on head of a brown spaniel ; on his left, Princess Mary, in a white satin dress ; and on her left, James, Duke of York, in a blue silk frock, with an apple in his hand ; background, a gr…
CHARLES L, portrait, Anton van Dyck, National Gallery, London ; canvas, H. 12 ft. 6 in. x 9 ft. 6 in. Charles L, of England, in armour, on a roan charger, attended by his equerry, Sir Thomas Morton, on foot, bearing helmet ; in background, a cavalry combat. Formerly in Collection of Charles I.; purchased in Munich by John, Duke of Marlborough, and long in Blenheim Palace. Sold to National Gallery …
CHARLES V., portrait, Anton Van Dyck, IJffizi, Florence ; canvas, H. 6 ft 1 in. x 4 ft. The Emperor in armour, with a red scarf over the left shoulder, mounted on a white charger ; his right hand holds a baton, the left curbs his spirited steed, whose career is arrested by the waves of the sea ; the wreck of a vessel is tossed on the billows ; above, an eagle, with a wreath of laurel. Likeness bor…
LOO, CHARLES ANDRE VAN (Carle Vanloo), born at Nice, Feb. 15, 1705, died in Paris, July 15, 1765. French school ; history painter, son of Louis van Loo and pupil of his brother Jean Baptiste, who took him to Rome and placed him un der Benedetto Luti and the sculptor Le Gros. Alter Le Gros' death (1719) he returned to Paris, and won the first prize for drawing in 1723, and the grand prix de Rome i…
BAUGNIET, CHARLES, born in Brussels in 1814. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of J. Paelinck and M. F. Willems. Lives at Sevres. First became known by a collection of three hundred lithographed portraits of distinguished persons. After spending several years in England, settled in Paris and devoted himself to painting. Member of Ghent Academy in 1836. Appointed designer to the King of Belgium, 18…
LA FOSSE, CHARLES DE, born in Paris, June 15, 1636, died there, Dec. 13, 1716. French school ; history painter, pupil of Chauveau and Lebrun up to 1658 ; then studied in Rome after Raphael, and for paintings in the Assumption, and executed frescos in Versailles and Meudon. Went to London in 1689 and 1690 to decorate the country house of Lord Montagu, and after his return executed (1692-1707) pain…
GLEYRE, CHARLES GABRIEL, born at Chevilly, Switzerland, May 2, 1806, died in Paris, May 5, 1874. Genre painter, pupil In Paris of Hersent for a short time, then worked by himself until he went to Egypt, where he spent several years ; visited Italy on his way home, in 1833, and in 1840 exhibited at the Salon his St. John, which attracted much attention. In 1849 he had a quarrel with the administrat…
JACQUE, CHARLES P. ss born in Paris, May 23, 1813. Animal and landscape painter, engraver, and etcher. Few French artists have a more widely extended or better deserved reputation, though more noted as an etcher than a painter, his colouring being somewhat crude. He paints farmyard scenes in perfection, and excels in accurate knowledge of sheep and poultry, of which he is a fancier ; has also bee…
NATOIRE, CHARLES JOSEPH, born Palais de Trianon ; Sancho's Repast in the Woods, and eight other scenes from Don Quixote, Hagar in the Desert, Flora, Compiegne Museum ; Venus and Vulcan, Venus and .near, Bordeaux Museum ; Magdalen, Dijon Museum ; Christ on the Cross, St. Jerome, Cleopatra at Tarsus, Marseilles Museum ; Venus asking Arms of Vulcan, Montpellier Museum ; Death of Dido, Nantes Museum ;…
CHAPLIN, CHARLES JOSHUA, born at Les Audelys (Eure), June 6, 1825. Figure and portrait painter ; pupil of the Ecole des Beaux Arts, and employed in 1860 in decorating the Tuileries, afterwards the rooms of the Empress in the Elysee, the Hotel Musard, and other public and private buildings. He is successful as a teacher,and has many pupils. Medals : 3d class, 1851; 2d class, 1852 and 1865 ; L. of H…
LANDELLE, CHARLES, born at Laval (Mayenne), June 2, 1821. Genre painter, pupil of Delaroche and of Ary Scheffer, whom he vainly tried to approach in depth of expression. Executed decorative works in the Elysee Palace and in St. Sulpice, Paris, and painted many portraits. Medals : 3d class, 1842 ; 2d class, 1845 ; 1st class, 1848 ; 3d class, 1855 ; L. of Honour, 1855. Works : Fm Angelico (1842); El…
LEFEBVRE, CHARLES, born in Paris, Oct. 16, 1805, died there, May 19, 1883. History and portrait painter, pupil of Gros and Abel de Pujol ; travelled in Spain, Switzerland, and Germany. Medals : 2d class, 1833 ; 1st class, 1845 ; 3d class, 1855 ; L. of Honour, 1859. Works : Prisoner of Chillon (1827) ; Magdalen (1831) ; Louis XL refusing to pardon Nemours (1833) ; Miraculous Virgin (1838) ; Souveni…
LUCY, CHARLES, born at Hereford in 1814, died at Notting Hill, May 19, 1873. History painter ; studied at Ecole des Beaux Arts, Paris, and also under Paul Delaroche ; afterwards pupil of Royal Academy, London. First became known by a series of large historical cartoons exhibited in 1844 at the Westminster Hall Competition, where he was awarded a premium of ?100 for his Caractacus. His works are im…
LARIVItRE, CHARLES PHILIPPE DE, born in Paris, Sept. 30, 1798, died in 1876. History and portrait painter, pupil of Guerin, Girodet, and Gros ; won 2d prize in 1819, and grand prix de Rome in 1824. His works, though meritorious, did not fulfil the promise of his youth. He painted many battle and ceremonial pictures theatrical in style, also portraits, and designed the cartoons for the Cathedral of…
STEUBEN, CHARLES, Baron de, born at Bauerbach, Baden, April 19, 1788, died in Paris, Nov. 21, 1856. French school ; history and portrait painter, son of an officer in the Russian service, pupil of St. Petersburg Academy, and in Paris of Gerard, Robert Lefebvre, and Prudhon. Member St. Petersburg Academy, 1833. Director of drawing in Paris Polytechnic School in 1837. Resided in Russia in 184454, th…
TO1JRNEMINE, CHARLES gifILE VACHER DE, born at Toulon, Oct. 25, 1814, died there, Dec. 22, 1873. Landscape painter, pupil of Isabey. At first painted views of Brittany and Normandy. In 1854 he went to the East, after which his pictures were chiefly of Oriental subjects. Assistant custodian of the Luxembourg ; L. of Honour, 1853. Works : Souvenir of Concarneau, River Oust (1846) ; Environs of Vanne…
VERLAT, CHARLES, born in Antwerp in 1824. History, portrait, and animal painter, pupil of Antwerp Academy and of Nicaise de Keyser ; studied in Paris, became director of the Weimar Art School in 1869, afterwards professor at Antwerp Academy, and in 1885 was appointed its director. Visited the East in 1875-77. Ranks high as an animal painter. Medals : 3d class, Paris, 1853 ; 2d class, 1855, 1861; 1…
CHRIST '.12.11E GOOD SHEPHERD, Murillo, Baron Rothschild, Gunnersbury, near London ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 5 in. x 3 ft. 6 in. The Saviour, about six years old, wearing a sheepskin garment, standing, with a crook in his hand, looking up ; on his right, a sheep lying down ; on his left, two sheep standing, his hand on the head of one ; background, landscape. Painted about 1665-70 ; sold, with its compan…
CHRIST AMONG THE DOCTORS, Michelangelo da Caravaggio, Uffizi, Florence. Half-length figures. Engraved by Dennel ; T. Verkruys. - Wicar. By Albrecht Darer, Palazzo Barberini, Rome ; dated 1506. Seven figures, life size, half length. Christ, surrounded by six doctors, engaged in discussion. Especially noticeable for the contrast in the faces and the varied play of the hands, which seem almost to spe…
CHRIST AND SAMARITAN WOMAN, Guido Reni, Louvre ; canvas, H. 1 ft. 11 in. x 2 ft. 8 in. The woman of Samaria, standing at right, with a vase or pitcher in her hand, listens to Christ, who sits leaning on the curbstone of the well ; in distance, city of Samaria. Collection of Louis XIV. Engraved by L. Fabri. - Mus6e Royal, i; Filhol, i. PL 3 ; Landon, Musee, iii. PL 16 ; Ch. Blanc, Ecole bolonaise. …
CHRIST BEARING THE CROSS, Paolo Marando, Verona Gallery. Christ, with a rope around his body and led by an executioner, is bearing the cross on his right shoulder, aided by Simon of Cyrene, who is holding up the lower end ; background, a rocky landscape. - Jameson, Hist. Our Lord, ii. 114. By Raphael. See Spasimo di Sicilia. By Titian, Scuola di S. Rocco, Venice ; canvas. Four figures : Christ, be…
CHRIST BEFORE PILATE, Gerard Honthorst, Stafford House, London. Christ with hands bound, standing at right in an interior, is interrogated by Pilate, who is seated behind a table, on which are books, an inkstand, and a candle, the light of which illumines the faces of both ; in background, right, several soldiers ; left, two attendants. Painted at Rome for Prince Giustiniani. - Ch. Blanc, Ecole ho…
CHRIST CROWNED WITH THORNS, Michelangelo da Caravaggio, Hermitage, St. Petersburg. Two figures half-length. Christ seated, crowned with thorns, and holding a reed in his bound hands ; behind him an executioner, who opens his mouth as if crying out. Lithographed by R Robillard. - GaL Imp. de l'Hermitage, 1845. By Lodovico Canned, Bologna Gallery ; canvas, H. 8 ft. 7 in. x 4 ft. 2 in. Christ seated …
CHRIST HEALING THE PARALYTIC, or Christ at Pool of Bethesda, Anton van Dyck, Buckingham Palace ; canvas, IL 3 ft. 10 in. x 4 ft. 9 in. Five figures, life-size, seen to knees. The paralytic, restored, is bending in adoration before Christ, in centre of the group ; on his left, John ; on his right, two other disciples. Long attributed to Rubens, and sold as his work for 3,700 florins at Brussels in…
SCHUTZ, CHRISTIAN GEORG, the elder, born at Flarsheim, near Mentz, Sept. 27, 1718, died in Frankfort, Dec. 6, 1791. Landscape painter, pupil of Hugo Schlegel in Frankfort (1731), then of Appiani. Long painted in fresco before devoting himself to landscape painting, in which he followed Saft-Leven. His best pictures were painted between 1760 and 1775. Works : Rhine Views (10, one dated 1787), Archi…
GRIEPENKERL, CHRISTIAN, born at Oldenburg, March 17, 1839. History and portrait painter, pupil in Vienna of Rahl ; masterly colourist, with a predominant fancy for allegories ; executed decorations in the Vienna Opera House with Bitterlich after Rahl's compositions, then in 1878 in the Augusteum at Oldenburg, afterwards in the Academy of Science at Athens, and in the new Houses of Parliament in Vi…
MARTYRS, CHRISTIAN, Francois Leon Benouville. Scene in the arena of the amphitheatre at Rome, with an immense audience gathered to witness the death of Christian martyrs by wild beasts. The bar riers have just been opened and the vietims are coming forward, brutally pushed by the slaves of the circus and by soldiers. Exposition universelle, 1855. Original sketch in water-colours, Salon of 1852, Lu…
CHRISTIAN WILHELM ERN ST, born in Weimar, Oct. 30, 1712, died in Dresden, April 24, 1774. German school ; history, genre, and landscape painter, first instructed by his. father, court painter in Weimar, then pupil in Dresden of Alex. Thiele, where by his great talent he won the life-long patronage of Count Brahl, and attracted the attention of Augustus the Strong, who made him court. painter. See…
CHRIST IN THE GARDEN, Marco Basaiti, Venice Academy ; wood, H. 7 ft. 3 in. x 2 ft.; signed, dated 1510. Christ, kneeling on a hillock, at the foot of which the apostles are sleeping, receives the chalice from an angel ; foreground, a portico, at the sides of which stand SS. Louis, Francis, Mark, and Dominic. Painted for S. Giobbe, Venice. A very noble picture. - C. & C., N. Italy, i. 263. By Corre…
CHRIST ON THE CROSS, L6on Bonnat, Palais de Justice, Paris ; Canvas. A triumph of naturalistic art. Painted, it is said, from a dead body fastened upon an actual cross in an inner court of the ge,ole de medecine. The sufferer, in the midst of the most horrible pain, seems to strain in a last effort ; his muscles contract, his veins swell, and the light which brings all into pitiless relief, clearl…
AMBERGER, CHRISTOPH, born in Amberg, Ulm or Nuremberg, about 1490 or 1500, died in Augsburg in 1561 or 1562. German school ; portrait painter, perhaps Madonna Enthroned, St. Roch in a Landscape, Pinakothek, Munich ; Hieronymus Sulczer (1542), Gotha Gallery ; Portrait of Old Man, Worlitz Gallery ; Portrait of Charles V. (1532), Sebastian Munster, Georg von Freundsberg, St. Augustine, Berlin Museum;…
SCHWARZ, CHRISTOPH, born near Ingoldstadt in 1550 (?), died in Munich about 1597. German school ; history and portrait painter, pupil in Munich of Melchior Bocksberger ; formed himself chiefly in Venice after Titian and Tintoretto, and after his return became court painter to Duke William L of Bavaria. He painted many altarpieces for churches in Munich, Augsburg, Landshut, Ingoldstadt, and other p…
CIBIA DA CONEGLIANO, born in Fri uli about 1460 ; according to Ridolfi, lived till 1517, but the latest genuine date on his pictures is 1508. Venetian school. Real name Gio- vanni Battista da Conegliano ; known in his time as Il Conegliano, but in and since the 17th century as Cima da C. Settled in Venice, where he earned a well-deserved celebrity as a composer of sacred subjects. His early pictu…
CIBOT, (FRANgOIS) BARTHELEMY (MICHEL EDOLJARD), born in Paris, Feb. 11, 1799, died there, Jan. 10, 1877. French school ; genre painter, pupil of Guerin, of Picot, and of Ecole des Beaux Arts. Painted also historical subjects, landscapes, and portraits, and executed frescos in the Church of St. Leu. Medals : 2d class, 1836 ; 1st class, 1843, 1857, and 1863 ; L. of Honour, 1863. Works : Judith, Cam-…
CIRCUMCISION, Federigo Barocci, Louvre ; canvas, H. 12 ft. 2 in. x 8 ft. 3 in.; signed, dated 1580. The Child seated on the knees of one of the officers of the temple, with priests and assistants standing near ; behind, the Virgin and St. Joseph, kneeling ; above, two angels in adoration. Painted for oratory of the brotherhood of the Nome di Dio, Pesaro ; carried to Paris in 1799 ; given in 1811 t…
JACQUAND, CLATTDIUS, born in Lyons, Dec. 6, 1805, died in Paris, May 3, 1878. History painter, pupil of Fleury Richard. First exhibited in 1824, and in 1838 settled in Paris. His pictures, though well composed and drawn, are somewhat monotonous, and dull in colour. Medals: 2d class, 1824 ;1 1st class, 1836 ; Philadelphia Exposition, 1876 ; L. of Honour, 1839 ; Order of Leopold of Belgium. Works : …
ALIGNY, CLAUDE FRANgOIS THEODORE CARUELLE D', born at Chaumes, Nievre, Feb. 6, 1798, died in Lyons, Feb. 25, 1871. Landscape painter, pupil of Regnault and Watelet ; treated landscapes in the historical style, and attained great distinction as a follower of the so-called classical school under the influence of Ingres. He made his studies chiefly after Italian scenery, visited Greece and painted se…
DUBUFE, CLAUDE MARIE, born in Paris in 1790, died there, April 24, 1864. Genre and portrait painter, pupil of David. He was the last of David's school, having all its faults with few of its good qualities ; but was as popular with the public as he was abused by the critics. Medal, lat class, 1831; L. of Honour, 1837. Works : Achilles protecting Iphigenia ; Roman Family dying of Hunger (1810) ; Chr…
VIGNON, CLAUDE, the elder, born at Tours, May 19, 1593, died in Paris, May 10, 1670. French school ; history painter, pupil in Rome of Caravaggio, but rather followed the mannerism of his time, neglecting the study of nature and of antique models. After his return to France, via Spain, about 1624, he was patronized by Maria de' Medici, for whom he bought pictures and statues in Spain and Italy, b…
SCHRAUDOLPH, CLAUDIUS, the younger, born in Munich in 1843. History and genre painter, son and pupil of Johann Schraudolph, and of Munich Academy under Heinrich Hess. Lived in Dresden in 1865; fought in the campaign of 1866, and in Franco-German War (1870-71). Became director of Stuttgart Art School in 1883. Medal, Munich, 2d class, 1883. Works : St. Elizabeth distributing Bread ; Munich Brewery …
ZIMMERMANN, CLEMENS VON, born in Dusseldorf, Nov. 8, 1788, died in Munich, Jan. 24, 1869. History and portrait painter, pupil of Dusseldorf Academy under Peter von Langer, whom he followed to Munich in 1808, to continue his studies at the Academy there ; obtained the first prize in 1812 ; visited Italy in 1816, and having been director of the Augsburg Art School in 1817-25, became professor at the…
CLEOBIS AND BITON, Antoine Francois Callet, 1cole des Beaux Arts, Paris. Sons of Cydippe, priestess of Hera at Argos. Once, during the festival of Hera, when the oxen which were to draw the chariot of the priestess did not arrive in time, Cleobis and Biton dragged it with their mother forty-five stadia to the temple. The priestess, moved by their filial love, prayed to the goddess to grant them wh…
CLOVIO, Don GIORGIO GIULIO, born at Grizane in Elyria in 1498, died in Rome, Jan. 5, 1578. Lombard schooL Real name Glovicic ; sometimes called Il Macedon, because his family was said to have originated in Macedonia. Pupil of Giulio Romano, at Mantua, and of Girolamo dai Libri, fromwhom he learned the art of illuminating. Went to Hungary in the service of Louis II., on whose death in 1526 he retur…
CONCERT, Michelangelo da Caravaggio, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 4 ft. x 5 ft. 7 in.
OLIVARES, CONDE DE, portrait, Velasquez, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 7 in. x 3 ft. 3 in. Bust, three-quarters left, in black dress, green cross of the Order of Alcantara, with cloak and stiff linen collar ; folded letter in right hand. Purchased with Modena Gallery in 1746. Repetitions with changes : Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; Marquis of Lansdowne, London ; Francis Clare Ford, London. Engr…
MADONNA, CONNESTABILE or STAFFA, Raphael, Hermitage, SL Petersburg ; wood transferred to canvas, 6f in. sq. The Virgin, standing in a landscape, holds Jesus on her left arm and reads from a book, which the Child is trying to grasp ; in background, hills covered with snow, a boat on a lake, and a man on a white horse. " A genuine and almost priceless masterpiece" (C. & C.). Picture formerly a round…
PRINETTI, CONSTANTINO, born at Canobbio in 1830, died in Milan in 1855. Landscape painter, pupil of Milan Academy under Canella, visited Germany, the Netherlands, Paris, Normandy, England, and Scotland. Works : Lake of Brienz (1853 and 1855) ; Battlefield of Naefels (1854) ; Castle Dundas, The Thames with Houses of Parliament, Street in Edinburgh, Valsasina, November Sun on Lago Maggiore, Monte di…
TROYON, CONSTANT, born at Sevres, Aug. 28, 1810, died in Paris, Feb. 21 (March 20, ?), 1865. Landscape and animal painter, pupil of Rio-oreux and Poupart and influenced by Roqueplan to study nature, for which he showed an individual feeling in first exhibited works, 1836. Visited Holland in 1847 and completed his education. After 1848 introduced cattle into his landscapes. Rose to be one of the g…
SCIPIO, CONTINENCE OF, illustration of the story told by Livy (xxvi. 50), Polybius (x. 19), and others, that Scipio, after the capture of Carthagena in Spain, B.C. 210, won the gratitude of the Celtiberi by restoring to Allucius, a prince of their nation, his betrothed, a beautiful young girl who had been adjudged to himself as spoil of war. By Jan Brueghel, the elder, Munich Museum ; copper, H. 2…
CORNELISZEN, CORNELIS, called Cor nelis van Haarlem, born in Haarlem in 1562, died there, Nov. 11, 1638. Dutch school ; history and portrait painter, pupil of Pieter Aertszen, the younger, and in Antwerp of Gillis Congnet ; one of the best artists of that period ; founded with Karel van Mander, about 1583, the Haarlem Academy. Works : Massacre of the Innocents (1590), do. (1591), Adam and Eve (15…
SAFT-LEVEN, CORNELIS, born in Rotterdam, 1612 (?), died after 1682 (?). Dutch school ; genre, landscape, and animal painter, brother of Herman, and although inferior to him, has much merit for truth of conception and careful execution ; colouring heavy and generally cold ; rendered poultry with marvellous fidelity, and occasionally painted still-life ; lived in Utrecht in 1634. Works : Portrait of…
TROOST, CORNELIS, born in Amster dam, Oct. 8, 1697, died there, March 7, 1750. Dutch school ; genre and portrait painter, pupil of Arnold Boonen, but owed his development principally to his own studies after good masters and from life. Excelled in genre, guard-house, and private-life scenes, and in illustrations of plays of the time. Painted chiefly in gouache and pasteL Was called the Dutch Hoga…
JOSEPHINE, CORONATION OF, Louis David, Versailles Museum ; canvas, H. 20 ft. 2 in. x 33 ft. Ceremony in Notre Dame, Paris, Dec. 6, 1804. Originally entitled the Coronation, and though intended to recall the crowning of Napoleon, the scene repre sented is the coronation of Josephine by Napoleon himself. The Emperor, descending from the altar, holds aloft the crown which he is about to place on the …
VIRGIN, CORONATION OF, Fra Angelico, Louvre ; wood, H. 7 ft. x 6 ft. 11 in. Christ, enthroned, crowning the Virgin in the presence of many angels and saints. In predella, seven scenes from life of St. Dominick, called the Miracles of St. Dominick. Painted for S. Domenico, Fiesole, whence taken by the French in invasion of 1812. Engraved by Ternite ; A. Frangois (1867) ; chromolithograph by Kellenh…
COROT, (JEAN BAPTISTE) CAMTLTY, born in Paris, July 20, 1796, died there, Feb. 23, 1875. Landscape painter, pupil of Michallon and after his death of Victor Bertin. Went to Italy in 1826, and in studying nature as he con tinued to do on returning to France, in Provence, Normandy, andFontainebleau, learned to couple breadth of treatment with careful though not obtrusive detaiL An eminently suggest…
CORREGGIO, born at Correggio in 1494(?), died there, March 5, 1534. Lombard school. Real name Antonio Allegri, son of Pellegrino Allegri; probably pupil of his father's brother, Lorenzo, and of Antonio Bartolotti, both second-rate painters of his native town. At Modena he is said to have found a better master in Francesco Bianchi, called Ferrari, who belongs to the school of Francia ; but Gallery …
TURA, COSIMO (Cosine or Gosme), born in Ferrara between 1420 and 1430, died between 1494 and 1498. Lombard school. Passed the greater part of his life in the service of the Duke of Ferrara, who made him his court painter in 1458. Vasari calls him the pu pil of Galasso, who worked with him at the ducal seat of Belriguado, where Tura decorated a chapel in 1471. Previously he had furnished patterns…
COSSIERS (Cotsiers, Causiers), JAN, born in Antwerp, July 15, 1600, died there, buried July 7, 1671. Flemish school ; history, genre, and portrait painter, pupil of his father, Anton, and of Cornelis de Vos ; entered guild in 1628, dean in 1639-1641. Painted much for the King of Spain, the Cardinal Infant Ferdinand, Archduke Leopold William, and many other princes. Works : Adoration of Shepherds (…
CRUCIFIXION, (Fr. Crucifiement ; Ital. Crocifissione ; Sp. Crucifixion ; Ger. Die Kreuzigung) ; the scene immediately succeeding the Elevation of the Cross. By Antonello da Messina, Antwerp Museum ; wood, H. 1 ft. 11 in. x 1 ft. 4 in. Christ on the cross between the two thieves ; at left, the Virgin, seated ; at right, St. John, kneeling. - Kugler (Eastlake), ii. 320 ; C. & C., Flemish Painters, 2…
CUYLENBORCH (Cuylenburg, Kuylenburg), ABRAHAM VAN, died after 1664. Dutch school ; landscape painter in the manner of Poelenburg ; master of Utrecht guild in 1639. Works : Grotto with Diana and her Nymphs, Hague Museum ; Landscapes with similar Subject (1646, 1647), Brunswick Gallery ; do. (1660), Cologne Museum ; three (1643, attributed to Breenbergh), Mannheim Gallery ; two (1640, 1647), Schleis…
CYMON AND IPHIGENIA, Sir Frederic Leighton, Fine Arts Society, London. Scene from Boccaccio's Decameron, Novel L, Fifth Day. Cymon, son of Aristippus, a gentleman of wealth and rank in Cyprus, though excelling in stature and comeliness, was almost a natural fool, and could not be taught any thing. One day, in passing through a wood, he discovered a most beautiful damsel asleep, with two maids and …
CZERMAK (eermak), JAROSLAV, born in Prague, Sept. 1, 1831, died in Paris, April 23, 1878. History and genre painter ; pupil of Prague Academy under Ruben, of Antwerp Academy under Wappers,where he won the first prize, then in Brussels the only pupil of Gallait. Having formerly visited Munich and Desseldorf, he travelled in 1850 through Holland, studied for some time in Normandy, then settled in Pa…
HUNTINGTON, DANIEL, born in New York, Oct. 14, 1816. Portrait and genre painter, pupil of Professor Morse in 1835, later of Inman. Visited Europe in 1839, and again in 1844, painting some of his most important works in Florence and Rome. Elected an A.N.A. in 1839 and N.A. in 1840. President of the National Academy in 1862, 1869, and 1877, and still holds the office. Studio in New York. Works : Fl…
MACLISE, DANIEL, born at Cork, Jan. 25, 1811 (Feb. 2, 1806 ?), died at Chelsea, April 25, 1870. History painter, student of the Cork Society of Arts, and of the Royal Academy, London, where he won the gold medal in 1831 for the best historical composition, the Choice of Hercules ; became an A.RA. in 1835, and RA. in 1840. He painted a few excellent portraits, among them Charles Dickens (1839), hut…
MYTENS, DANIEL, the elder, born at The Hague about 1590, died after 1658. Dutch school ; portrait painter, formed himself after Rubens ; entered the guild of The Hague in 1610 ; went in 1618 to England, where he worked for James L and Charles I., whose court-painter he became in 1625. On Van Dyck's arrival he wished to retire, but the king and Van Dyck himself persuaded him to remain. Said to have…
DANTE, born in London, May 12, 1828, died at Birchington, near Margate, April 9, 1882. Figure painter, son of Gabriele Rossetti (Italian patriot, commentator on Dante, and professor of Italian in King's College, London). Dante Gabriel, as he wrote his name, was a student at Cary's drawing school, at the Royal Academy, which he left about 1848, and of Madox Brown, who had a perceptible influence o…
DANTE, portrait, Giotto, Chapel of the Podestil or Bargello, Florence. The poet, then about twenty years of age, is represented with Corso Donati, Brunetto Latini, and a fourth personage, standing behind Charles of Valois, in the lower part of a fresco of Paradise painted on each side of a window. This fresco, mentioned by Vasari as visible in 1550, in which the painter had embodied the transient …
DANTE AND BEATRICE, Henry Holiday, Liverpool Gallery; canvas, H. 4 ft. 7 in. x 6 ft. 7 in. Dante standing at right, with his right hand upon a stone parapet on the bank of the river, presses his heart with his left hand, as Beatrice, accompanied by two maidens, passes by; in background, the Arno and the Ponte Vecchio. Grosvenor Gallery, 1883. Etched by C. O. Murray. - Art Journal (1884), 7. By Ary…
CARR, DAVID, born in England ; contemporary. Landscape and genre painter. Exhibits at Royal Academy and Grosvenor Gallery. Works : Weed Burners (1879) ; Watercress Gatherers (1880); A la Fontaine - Yport (1881) ; Cliff Ploughing, Violets (1882); Waiting, An Old-Fashioned Spring, At the Doors of La-Force - Paris, 1792 (1883). in Venice, and on his return to Bologna (1589), opened the famous Eclecti…
DAVID PLAYING THE HARP, Domenic chino, Louvre ; canvas, H. 7 ft. 10 in. x 5 ft. 7 in. David singing, his eyes raised to heaven, and accompanying himself on the harp ; to left, an angel holds open before him a book ; in background, to right, another angel transcribes the psalms which David sings, and holds the sword with which he cut off the head of Goliath. Sent from Italy to Cardinal Mazarin, fro…
RYCKAERT, DAVID, the younger (M.), born in Antwerp, baptized Dec. 2, 1612, died there, Nov. 11, 1661. Flemish school ; genre painter, son and pupil of David Ryckaert, the elder 1586-1642), developed under the influence of Brouwer and David Teniers the younger ; friend of Gonzales Coques, who married his sister. Received into guild of St. Luke, 1636. Studied Teniers the younger, Brouwer, and Van Os…
SCOTT, DAVID, born in Edinburgh, Oct. 10 (12 ?), 1806, died there, March 5, 1849. History painter, educated as a designer and engraver, but finally devoted himself to painting. His first exhibited picture was The Hopes of Early Genius (1828). In 1829 he was elected an associate of the Scottish Academy ; in 1832 he visited Italy, and remained fifteen months in Rome studying anatomy and painting and…
TENIERS, DAVID, the younger, born in Antwerp, baptized Dec. 15, 1610, died at Perck, near Brussels, April 25, 1690. Flemish school ; genre, landscape, and portrait painter, son and pupil of David the elder ; developed under the influence of Rubens, and especially of Brouwer. Master of Antwerp guild in 1632, its dean in 1644-45, was made court painter to Archduke Leopold Wilhelm, governor of the Ne…
CLEOPATRA, DEATH OF, Jean Francois Gigoux, Luxembourg Museum, Paris ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 9 in. x 6 ft. 5 in. Salon, 1850. By Guido Reni, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H. 3 ft. 10 in. x 3 ft. 1 in. Cleopatra, three-fourths length, putting the asp to her bosom. Painted about 1640. In Guido's third manner. Engraved by N. Le Mire ; L M. Faentino. Repetitions in Madrid, Barcelona, and Nancy Museums, …
VIRGIN, DEATH OF, Michelangelo da Caravaggio, Louvre, Paris ; canvas, H. 12 ft. 1 in. x 8 ft. The Virgin on her death-bed, the apostles and their disciples in affliction ; in foreground, at right, a woman seated, her head upon her knees, weeping. Painted for S. M. della Scala in Trastevere, Rome ; bought by Duke of Modena, who sold it to Charles L of England ; bought by Jabach, who sold it to Lou…
DEHODENCQ, (EDME ATNXTS) ALFRED, born in Paris, April 23, 1822. Genre and history painter, pupil of Leon Cogniet ; has travelled much in Spain and North Africa, whence he takes many of his subjects. Medals : 3d class, 1846 and 1853 ; medal, 1865 ; L. of Honour, 1870. Works : Saint Cecilia (1844); In Doubt (1845); St. Stephen led to Torture (1846); Visitation (1847); Christ in the Tomb, Camoena (18…
DELUGE, Girodet de Rousay, Louvre; canvas, H. 14 ft. 1 in. x 11 ft. 2 in. A man, bearing his father upon his shoulders and holding by the right hand his wife, to whom two children are clinging, endeavours to gain the summit of a rock by means of a tree which breaks in his grasp. Painted in By Michelangelo, Sistine Chapel, Rome ; fresco on ceiling. By Nicolas Poussin, Louvre, Paris; canvas, H. 3 ft…
DESCENT FROM THE CROSS (Fr., Descente de la Croix ; ItaL, Cristo deposto della Croce, Descendimento de la Cruz ; Ger., Breuzabnahme), the taking down from the cross of the body of Christ. In the older pictures the Virgin is generally represented standing, but in some of the later ones she has sunk to the earth. The other persons represented are Joseph of .Arimathe3a, Nicodemus, Mary Magdalen, St. …
LAUGEE, DES IRA FRAN9OIS, born at Maromme (Seine-Lif6rieure), Jan. 25, 1823. Genre painter, pupil of Picot. He first exhibited portraits of good quality in the Salon of 1845, and then turned to genre and history, sacred and profane. Medals : 3d class, 1851 ; 2d class, 1855, 1859 ; 1st class, 1861, 1863 ; L. of Honour, 1865. Works : Van Dyck at Saventhem (1847) ; Death of Zurbaran (1850) ; Murder o…
DESTREM, born at Toulouse ; contemporary. Landscape painter, pupil of Bonnat. Medal : 3d class, 1879. Works : St. Roch (1878); Unstitching, Jean Calas (1879); Rustic Scene (1880); Midday Rest (1881); Pere la Brume (1882); Fishermen (1883); Wind Storm, Entry of Village at Evening (1884); Close of Day, Entree de Bullier (1885). Officer, 1881. Works : Engagement between Imperial Guards and Cossacks i…
DETTO, born in Genoa in 1616, died in Mantua in 1670. Genoese school Called, on account of the beauty of his colouring, Il Grechetto (Little Greek); and in France Il Benedetto. Pupil of Gio. Battista Paggi and of Gio. Andrea de' Ferrari. Soprani says he also had lessons of Van Dyck, but as he was only nine years old when that painter left Genoa it is probable that he merely studied his works. Cas…
DIANA AND CALUSTO, Annibale Carracci, Louvre ; canvas, H. 5 ft. 3 in. x 6 ft. 6 in. At left, massive rocks, down which fall several cascades; on first plane, three nymphs strip Callisto of her garments ; at right, Diana seated, surrounded by her nymphs, stretches her hand towards Callisto. Landscape attributed to Paul Bril. - Villot, Louvre ; Filhol, vi. P1.400. By Francesco Solimena, Uffizi, Flor…
DIAZ DE LA PEST-A, NARCISO DICIEOGENES (1848); Bather tormented by Cupids (1850), Grenoble Museum ; Close of Fine Day, Last Tears, The Rival (1855); Pond with Vipers (1857) ; Galatea (1859); The Smyrniotes (1871); The Pyrenees, Bohemians (1850), The Fairy with the Pearls (1857), three others, Luxembourg Museum. Works in United States : Cupid Disarmed, Forest of Fontainebleau (1871), The Storm (187…
VELASQUEZ, DIEGO RODRIGUEZ DE SILVA Y, born in Seville, baptized June 6, 1599, died in Madrid, Aug. 7, 1660. Spanish school ; pupil of Herrera el Viejo, and of Francisco Pacheco, whose daughter he married in 1618. Examples of his first National Gallery, London, in the style of Ribera. In 1622 he went to Madrid, hoping, but in vain, to be allowed to paint the king's portrait. After some months' stu…
BOUTS, DIERICK, born in Haarlem about 1410-20, died at Louvain, May 6, 1475. Flemish school Called sometimes Dirk van Haarlem and Dierick de Louvain. Settled in Louvain after 1450. History painter of great merit, of the Van Eyck school, in which he is almost unequalled in glowing depth and transparent clearness of colouring ; his delicacy of personification and tenderness of execution are only mar…
RATS, DIRK, born in Haarlem before 1600, died there, buried May 17, 1656. Dutch school ; genre painter, brother and pupil of Frans the elder. His works, usually representing soldiers, cavaliers, and women, eating, drinking, dancing, or listening to music, were painted between 1620 and 1653. His style has some analogy with that of Peter de Hooch ; the predominant tone is a cool gray, lending great …
DEELEN, DIRK VAN, born at Heusden about 1607, died at Arnemuyden, Zeeland, May 16, 1673. Dutch school ; architecture painter ; said to be a pupil of Frans Hals, which is very doubtful ; visited Italy about 1631, lived temporarily at Haarlem, Delft, and Antwerp, and settled later in Arnemuy- den, where he became burgomaster. His pictures, in which Van Herp, Palamedes, Stevens, and Wouwerman supplie…
DISPUTE OF THE SACRAMENT, Raphael, Camera della Segnatura, Vatican, Rome ; fresco, arched top, H. 16 ft. x 26 ft. 8 in. The Triumph of Religion. God the Father, in a glory of angels and cherubim, holds the globe in one hand and raises the other in benediction ; beneath, Christ seated between the Virgin and John Baptist, with six saints, patriarchs, and prophets on each side, seated upon clouds uph…
DOMENICHINO (Domenico Zampieri), born in Bologna, Oct. 21, 1581, died in Naples, April 15, 1641. Bolognese school ; son of a shoemaker ; pupil of Denis Calvaert, afterward of the Carracci at the same time with Guido and Albani, who became his intimate friend. After studying works of Correggio and of Parmigiano at Parma and of David, Pal Rospigliosi, Borne ; Charity, Dresden Gallery ; Susannah at t…
ALFANI, DOMENICO, born in Perugia in 1483 (?), died after 1553. Umbrian school, son of Paris Pandari Alfani, goldsmith and architect ; pupil of Perugino at same time with Raphael, who became his intimate friend. Raphael invited him to Rome, but Domenico preferred to remain in Perugia, where he acted as Raphael's agent, and was repaid by an occasional sketch. He became a registered master in Perugi…
BECCAFUMI, DOMENICO, born near Si ena in 1486, died in Siena, May18, 1551. Sienese school; son of Giacomo di Pace, a labourer in the service of Lorenzo Beccafumi, by whom he was apprenticed to the painter G. B. Tozzo, called Ca-panne, and whose surname he adopted ; also called Mecuccio or Mecherino, on account of his insignificant appearance. Domenico may have met Perugino in Siena in 1508, and h…
GHIRLANDAJO, DOMENICO, born in Florence in 1449, died there, Jan. 11, 1494. Florentine school. Real name Domenico di Tommaso Curradi di Dosso Bigordi; took his surname from his father, a goldsmith, who was called Ghirlandajo (garland-maker) from the wreaths of gold and silver, worn as headGHIRLANDAJO local features are used to set off groups of figures conceived in a spirit of noble realism ; the …
INDUNO, DOMENICO, born in Milan, March 15, 1815, died there, Nov. 5, 1878. Genre painter, pupil of Milan Academy under Luigi Sabatelli and of Hayez ; won the great prize in 1837, and went to Rome. After painting classical and romantic subjects, finally devoted himself entirely to the representation of Milanese popular life. Implicated in the revolution in 1848, he fled to Switzerland, then went to…
MORELLI, DOMENICO, born in Naples in 1826. Real name D. Soliero. History and genre painter, pupil of Naples Academy, then in Rome of Camillo Guerra, and, influenced by Filippo Paliz71, studied from nature, and, during a second stay at Rome, under Overbeck ; after suppression of the national uprising in 1848-49, in which be had taken an active part, he visited the art-schools of London, Paris, Germ…
QUAGLIO, DOMENICO, born in Munich, Jan. 1, 1786, died at Hohenschwangau, April 9, 1837. Landscape and architecture painter, son and pupil of Giuseppe Quaglio, of a numerous family of artists who emigrated from Laino, near Lake of Como, to Bavaria in 17th century. The eldest was Giulio Quaglio (born in 1601), history painter, imitator of Tintoretto, worked in Vienna, Salzburg, and Laybach, where ma…
TINTORETTO, DOMENICO, born in Venice in 1562, died there in 1637. Venetian school ; son and pupil of Jacopo Robusti, called Tintoretto. Followed in his father's footsteps, but was inferior to him in invention and in colouring. More successful in portraits than in historical painting, but executed some large commissions in the Palazzo Ducale, Venice ; among them, Naval Battle at Salvore, Conquest o…
DONNA VELATA (Veiled Lady), Raphael (7), attributed to Unknown, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; canvas, H. 2 ft. 8 in. x 2 ft.
JACOB, DREAM OF (Gen. xxviii), Mu rill?, Hermitage, St. Petersburg ; canvas, H. 8 ft. x 11 ft. 9 in. Jacob asleep, with his head on a stone, his staff near him on a cruse ; at left, an angel pointing to the ladder, on which two angels are ascending and three descending. Same history as Isaac blessing Jacob, of Hermitage, its companion. - Curtis, 118 ; Hermitage Cat., 127. By Raphael, Stanza d'Elio…
DRICK DE, born in Rotterdam, Dec. 12, 1832. Marine painter, pupil of Spoel and Bosboom, and later of Louis Meyer at The Hague. Sketched along the coasts of Holland and England; in 1851 studied water-colour in Lon don ; settled in 1858 in New York, where he still resides. Elected an A.N.A. in 1863, and N.A. in 1867. Works : Admiral Farragut's Fleet passing New Orleans (1867) ; Coast of France (186…
DROLLING, MICHFT, MARTIN, born in Paris, March 7, 1786, died there, Jan. 9, 1851. History and portrait painter, son and pupil of Martin D.; then studied with David, and after obtaining the grand prize, studied in Rome. Returned to Paris, he painted scenes from sacred and profane history, graceful in composition, and correct in drawing. Member of the Institute in 1833. He formed many excellent pup…
DTFIT,MANN, JAKOB FRIEDRICH, born at Sachsenhausen, near Frankfort, in 1809, died at Kronberg, in the Taunus, May 30, 1885. Genre painter, pupil of the Stidel Institute under Prestel, and in 1835-42 of the Dusseldorf Academy ; settled in Frankfort, afterwards at Kronberg, and painted chiefly idyllic scenes from country life, in which the landscape is always prominent. Works : Farm-House (1835), Na…
DUCCIO DI BUONINSEGNA, born in Siena about 1260, died after 1339. Sienese school ; the earliest great painter of Siena, where he is first heard of in 1282. In 1285 he was in Florence, as records show that he then contracted to paint an altarpiece of the Madonna for S. M. Novella, probably never executed, and in the autumn of that year at Siena, where he was appointed to fill an office, which he he…
DEVONSHIRE, DUCHESS OF, Thomas Gainsborough, Messrs. Agnew, London ; canvas, H. 411. 11 in. x 3 ft. 9 in. Georgians, Duchess of Devonshire (1757-1806), full-length. Royal Academy, 1783 ; purchased by Wynn-Ellis for ?63 of Mx. Bently, who bought it for ?50 of a Mrs. Maginnis ; Wynn-Ellis sale (1876), to Messrs. Agnew, 10,100 gs. Canvas cut from stretcher and stolen, night of May 26-27, 1876, from …
DUGHET (Duchet, Duche), GASPARD, born in Rome in 1613, died there, May 25, 1675. French school ; generally called Gas pard Poussin, or le Guaspre. Landscape painter, pupil and follower of his cousin and brother-in-law, Nicolas Poussin, whose name he adopted. Later he became more individual in style. He worked very rapidly, sometimes painting a large picture in a single day. Works : Subjects from L…
PARMA, DUKE OF, portrait. See lhrnese, Pier' Luigi. PARNASSUS ishing them, and he was thrown into prison by the authorities in 1537. Released on promise of completing the work, he fled to Casal Maggiore and soon died. His principal works are : Madonna with St. Margaret, Bologna Gallery; Painter's Portrait, and Holy Family, Uffizi, Florence ; Madonna del Collo Lungo, Palazzo Pitti, Florence ; St. C…
DUVAL LE CAWS, PIERRE, born at Lisieux (Calvados), Feb. 14, 1790, died at St. Cloud, July 29, 1854. Portrait and genre painter, pupil of David ; imitated the old Flemish masters, especially Jan Steen ; was for several years Mayor of St. Cloud and painter to the Duchesse de Berri. Medals : 2d class, 1819 ; 1st class, 1827 ; L. of Honour, 1837. Works: Game of Piquet (1819); Interrogatory, Signing th…
EASTLAKE, Sir CHARLES LOCK, born at Plymouth, Eng., Nov. 17,1793, died in Pisa, Italy, Dec. 24, 1865. History painter, pupil in London of Haydon and of Royal Academy ; exhibited at British Institute, in 1813,Christ raising the Daughter of the Ruler of the Synagogue. Went to Paris in following year to copy pictures in Louvre, but the escape of Napoleon from Elba obliged him to return to Plymouth, …
ECCE HOMO (Behold the Man), the presentation of Christ to the people, after scourging, by Pilate (John xix. 5). By Annibale Carracci, Dresden Gallery ; canvas, H. 3 ft. x 3 ft. 6 in. Christ, half-length, crowned with thorns, with an angel on each side. From Modena Collection. Engraved by M. KeyL - Gal Roy. de Dresde, 1. Pl. 18. By Correggio, National Gallery, London ; wood, H. 3 ft. 2 in. x 2 ft. …
ZAMACOIS, EDIJARDO, born at Bilbao in 1842, died in Madrid, Jan. 14, 1871. Genre painter, pupil at Bilbao of Balaco, then of Madrid Academy under Federico de Madrazo, and in Paris of Meissonier ; treated seventeenth century subjects with great success. Medals : Paris, 1867 ; Munich, 1870. Works : Enlisting of Cervantes, Diderot and d'Alembert (1863) ; Conscripts in Spain (1864) ; Entrance of the T…
HRDOUIN, EDMOND, born at Boulogne-sur-Mer, July 16, 1820. Genre and landscape painter, pupil of Paul Delaroche and Celestin NanteuiL Attracted attention by his first picture in the Salon (1844), and followed up his success with many ably treated scenes of French and Spanish peasant life. His later years have been more especially devoted to engraving. Medals : 2d class, 1848 ; 3d class, 1855, 1857 …
YARZ, EDMOND, born at Toulouse ; contemporary. Landscape painter. Mention honourable ; Medal, 3d class, 1884. Works : Under the Apple-Trees, Cross-Road (1876) ; Vineyards near Toulouse, Gate of the Louvre (1878) ; Arab Garden in Morocco (1879) ; Heaths in Bloom near Fontainebleau, Fountain of Touarc (1880) ; Spring in a Park (1881) ; Entrance to the Canal of Giudecca, Autumn Morning (1882); Quay o…
BIEFVE, EDOUARD DE, born in Brussels, Dec. 4, 1809, died there, Feb. 7, 1882. History painter ; pupil of Brussels Academy, then in 1828-30 of Paelinck ; went in 1831 to Paris, where he remained ten years, sending his works to the exhibitions in Antwerp, Ghent, and Brussels. His masterpiece, Compromise of the Nobles at Brussels in 1566 (Brussels Museum and National Gallery, Berlin), exhibited in Gh…
IMER, EDOUARD, born in Avignon, Dec. 25, 1820, died in Haarlem, June 13, 1881. Landscape painter, self - taught. Painted truthful landscapes, usually taken from central France ; travelled in the East, especially in Egypt and Algeria. Medals : 1865 ; 2d class, 1873. Works : Road in Provence (1850); Rhone Plain in Provence, Landscape near Marseilles (1853) ; Ponds of Soumabre, The Rhone (1855) ; Pon…
BENDEMANN, EDUARD ( JULIIJS FRIEDRICH), born in Berlin, Dec. 3, 1811. History and portrait painter ; pupil of Schadow, whom he followed to Dusseldorf in 1827 and to Italy in 1830. After his return he at once established his fame by his Jews in Exile (1832, Reichartz Gal lery, Cologne); obtained the great gold medal in Paris, in 1836, and after living for two years in Berlin was appointed professo…
GESELSCHAP, EDUARD, born in Am sterdam, March 22, 1814, died in Dusseldorf, Jan. 5, 1878. Genre painter, pupil in Wesel of Welsch, then in 1834 -41 of Dusseldorf Academy under Schadow. First painted romantic genre and history, afterwards scenes of domestic life, with great poetic charm, and soon ranked among the foremost artists of Dusseldorf. Member of Amsterdam Academy. Works : Faust in his Stu…